Quantitative Research

Quantitative research often is the preferred approach to problem design as results are precise. Many researchers prefer the exact measurement and statistical analysis that quantitative research offers. Observation in quantitative research allows classification and the statistical models built document the outcome of a study. The data collected in a quantitative investigation creates answers in numbers and statistics. Deductive reasoning is used to design quantifiable tools that collect pertinent data.Results are accurately measured and presented, as a â€Å"quantitative research paradigm is empirical in nature; it is also known as the scientific research paradigm† (Atieno, 2009, p. 14). Characteristics of a Quantitative Problem Statement The problem statement explains and justifies the decision to use quantitative analysis methods. The problem statement is a succinct and definite, implying data gathering and examination. â€Å"Quantitative research is a means for testing obje ctive theories by examining the relationship among variables,† (Creswell, 2008, p. ). Creswell (2009) indicated if a problem calls for factors that influence the result or a best outcome approach, then a quantitative approach should be used. Characteristics of a Quantitative Purpose Statement As Jenkins (2009) discussed, an effective purpose statement is in alignment with the problem statement. The nature of the study, data collection methods, and the study population identify the design approach. Variables identified in the design and logic of the problem contributes to the project design and hypothesis.Formulation of Quantitative Research Questions and Hypotheses The quantitative research questions and hypothesis clearly seek to answer the problem statement. The hypothesis is the premise of the study, the expected outcome of the study presents anticipated results in a quantitative manner. The questions and hypothesis create a logical basis to identify data collection methods suitable for problem solving. Quantitative Data Collection Procedures Data collection processes reflect the activities as originally outlined in the problem and purpose statements.The construction of formal instruments occurs to measure the quantifiable data gathered and analyzed. Constraints to data collection procedures such as organization, budget, time, and access to the survey population factor into the design process (Jenkins, 2009). Quantitative Data Analysis Procedures The results from the data collection process derived from trend analysis and surveys use statistical methods of measurement (Atieno, 2009). The results provide an exact result numerically measured.The precision offered by gathering data through easily quantifiable tools give reliable results. The data alone does not provide an answer; statistical methods for analysis provide a reliable means of clarifying a large data set (Jenkins, 2009). Statistical analysis is used to mitigate risk when a degree of uncertai nty is present. Numbers from the researched data set use statistical analysis and reporting for analysis. Descriptive statistics allow the presentation of results using graphs and charts (Jenkins, 2009).Visual communications provides a clear graphic representation that allows simple cognition of complex data. Research Fundamentals Quantitative research is a preferred method of problem-solving because of its precision. A properly designed problem statement and purpose statement drives the research process and deductive logic is used in the data gathering design. Results are analyzed using statistical methods to create a result set. Presentation of results may include visual communication tools such as charts and graphs, providing simple tools to understand complex trends and ratios.

Aba Putangina Nyo

BUSINESS CASE Presented to the Accountancy Department De La Salle University In partial fulfillment Of the course requirements In ACTPACO (K32) Duhaylungsod, Paul Angelo, P. March 5, 2013 DECISION MAKING ACROSS THE ORGANIZATION Richard Powers and Jane Keckley, two professionals in the finance area, have worked for Eberhart Leasing for a number of years. Eberhart Leasing is a company that leases high-tech medical equipment to hospitals. Richard and Jane have decided that, with their financial expertise, they might start their own company to provide consulting services to individuals interested in leasing equipment.One form of organization they are considering is a partnership. If they start a partnership, each individual plans to contribute P2 million in cash. In addition, Richard has a used IBM computer that originally cost P148,000, which he intends to invest in the partnership. The computer has a present market value of P60,000. Although both Richard and Jane are financial wizards, they do not know a great deal about how a partnership operates. As a result, they have come to you for advice. 1.What are the major disadvantages of starting a partnership? Partnership can easily dissolve automatically when one of its partners no longer wishes to participate in the business, or is unable to. This may happen in the event of death, bankruptcy, retirement or resignation. A divorce could also force a partner to attempt to cash out his interest, since decisions are shared, disagreements can occur. A partnership is for the long term, and expectations and situations can change, which can lead to dramatic and traumatic split ups.Business partners are jointly and individually liable for the actions of the other partners and you have to consult your partner and negotiate more as you cannot make decisions by yourself therefore need to be more flexible and a major disadvantage of a partnership is unlimited liability. General partners are liable without limit for all debts cont racted and errors made by the partnership. The accounts of partnership concerns are not published so public is unaware of the exact position of the business.There is a suspicion in public mind that these concerns earn huge profits at the cost of consumers. There is no legal binding for the publication of accounts. So partnership concerns lack public confidence. No partner can transfer his share to a third party without the consent of the other partners. If a partner wants his share back it will not be possible without the approval of other partners or without dissolution of the firm. In case of a company, any shareholder can transfer his shares without affecting the working of the business.In partnership, a partner is permanently wedded to it and lastly there is a limitation in raising additional resources for expansion purposes. The business resources are limited to the personal funds of the partners. Borrowing capacity of the partners is also limited. The number of partners to be added to a business is also limited. A banking company cannot have more than ten partners and in other businesses the number of partners cannot exceed twenty. So there is a limit beyond which partners cannot be added. 2. What type of document is needed for a partnership, and what should this document contain?Article of co partnership is a written agreement prior to the formation of a business, outlining the terms of the partnership and it must contain the firm’s name, how the firm will begin and end, nature of the business operations, monetary agreements like partners investments, determination of partner salaries and distribution of profits and losses. The document must also contain decision making guidelines and authority of partners and lastly expected time contribution of partners. 3. Both Richard and Jane plan to work full-time in the new partnership.They believe that net income or net loss should be shared equally. However, they are wondering how they can provide compen sation to Richard Powers for his additional investment of the computer. What would you tell them? They should change the profit and loss ratio in favor or Richard Powers in order for them to compensate his additional investment or they can also give him a bonus as well because if they distribute the net loss or net income equally it would be unfair for him because he invested more than the other partner.Another advice I would tell them is Richard can contribute less cash and compensate with the investment of his computer therefore, the basis of the distribution of income is their beginning capital or initial investment. 4. Richard is not sure how the computer equipment should be reported on his tax return. What would you tell him? The report on his tax return regarding the computer equipment will be based or I related on his income or you can say that depending on their net income or loss dividing by the partners’ profit 5.As indicated above, Richard and Jane have worked toge ther for a number of years. Richard’s skills complement Jane’s and vice versa. If one of them dies, it will be very difficult for the other to maintain the business, not to mention the difficulty of paying the deceased partner’s estate for his or her partnership interest. What would you advise them to do? They should know the risk of entering a partnership and all of its disadvantages stated earlier but because accidents cannot be prevented they should have alternatives or options unless one of them dies early during the partnership.One option is that they could assign their respective heirs to take over the business for them or if they don’t have a child they must assign their personal choice of who they want to replace them but of course the heirs or assignees must have knowledge about what they might acquire in their shoulders like the liabilities of the previous owner, the responsibilities on handling a business. In paying the deceased partner’ s estate they could build a trust fund through their partnership that would sustain the payables if ever one of them dies so that the remaining partner would not have a difficult time in paying those interest. Aba Putangina Nyo BUSINESS CASE Presented to the Accountancy Department De La Salle University In partial fulfillment Of the course requirements In ACTPACO (K32) Duhaylungsod, Paul Angelo, P. March 5, 2013 DECISION MAKING ACROSS THE ORGANIZATION Richard Powers and Jane Keckley, two professionals in the finance area, have worked for Eberhart Leasing for a number of years. Eberhart Leasing is a company that leases high-tech medical equipment to hospitals. Richard and Jane have decided that, with their financial expertise, they might start their own company to provide consulting services to individuals interested in leasing equipment.One form of organization they are considering is a partnership. If they start a partnership, each individual plans to contribute P2 million in cash. In addition, Richard has a used IBM computer that originally cost P148,000, which he intends to invest in the partnership. The computer has a present market value of P60,000. Although both Richard and Jane are financial wizards, they do not know a great deal about how a partnership operates. As a result, they have come to you for advice. 1.What are the major disadvantages of starting a partnership? Partnership can easily dissolve automatically when one of its partners no longer wishes to participate in the business, or is unable to. This may happen in the event of death, bankruptcy, retirement or resignation. A divorce could also force a partner to attempt to cash out his interest, since decisions are shared, disagreements can occur. A partnership is for the long term, and expectations and situations can change, which can lead to dramatic and traumatic split ups.Business partners are jointly and individually liable for the actions of the other partners and you have to consult your partner and negotiate more as you cannot make decisions by yourself therefore need to be more flexible and a major disadvantage of a partnership is unlimited liability. General partners are liable without limit for all debts cont racted and errors made by the partnership. The accounts of partnership concerns are not published so public is unaware of the exact position of the business.There is a suspicion in public mind that these concerns earn huge profits at the cost of consumers. There is no legal binding for the publication of accounts. So partnership concerns lack public confidence. No partner can transfer his share to a third party without the consent of the other partners. If a partner wants his share back it will not be possible without the approval of other partners or without dissolution of the firm. In case of a company, any shareholder can transfer his shares without affecting the working of the business.In partnership, a partner is permanently wedded to it and lastly there is a limitation in raising additional resources for expansion purposes. The business resources are limited to the personal funds of the partners. Borrowing capacity of the partners is also limited. The number of partners to be added to a business is also limited. A banking company cannot have more than ten partners and in other businesses the number of partners cannot exceed twenty. So there is a limit beyond which partners cannot be added. 2. What type of document is needed for a partnership, and what should this document contain?Article of co partnership is a written agreement prior to the formation of a business, outlining the terms of the partnership and it must contain the firm’s name, how the firm will begin and end, nature of the business operations, monetary agreements like partners investments, determination of partner salaries and distribution of profits and losses. The document must also contain decision making guidelines and authority of partners and lastly expected time contribution of partners. 3. Both Richard and Jane plan to work full-time in the new partnership.They believe that net income or net loss should be shared equally. However, they are wondering how they can provide compen sation to Richard Powers for his additional investment of the computer. What would you tell them? They should change the profit and loss ratio in favor or Richard Powers in order for them to compensate his additional investment or they can also give him a bonus as well because if they distribute the net loss or net income equally it would be unfair for him because he invested more than the other partner.Another advice I would tell them is Richard can contribute less cash and compensate with the investment of his computer therefore, the basis of the distribution of income is their beginning capital or initial investment. 4. Richard is not sure how the computer equipment should be reported on his tax return. What would you tell him? The report on his tax return regarding the computer equipment will be based or I related on his income or you can say that depending on their net income or loss dividing by the partners’ profit 5.As indicated above, Richard and Jane have worked toge ther for a number of years. Richard’s skills complement Jane’s and vice versa. If one of them dies, it will be very difficult for the other to maintain the business, not to mention the difficulty of paying the deceased partner’s estate for his or her partnership interest. What would you advise them to do? They should know the risk of entering a partnership and all of its disadvantages stated earlier but because accidents cannot be prevented they should have alternatives or options unless one of them dies early during the partnership.One option is that they could assign their respective heirs to take over the business for them or if they don’t have a child they must assign their personal choice of who they want to replace them but of course the heirs or assignees must have knowledge about what they might acquire in their shoulders like the liabilities of the previous owner, the responsibilities on handling a business. In paying the deceased partner’ s estate they could build a trust fund through their partnership that would sustain the payables if ever one of them dies so that the remaining partner would not have a difficult time in paying those interest.

Digital Fortress Chapter 23

Susan sat alone in the plush surroundings of Node 3. She nursed a lemon mist herb tea and awaited the return of her tracer. As senior cryptographer, Susan enjoyed the terminal with the best view. It was on the back side of the ring of computers and faced the Crypto floor. From this spot, Susan could oversee all of Node 3. She could also see, on the other side of the one-way glass, TRANSLTR standing dead-center of the Crypto floor. Susan checked the clock. She had been waiting almost an hour. American Remailers Anonymous was apparently taking their time forwarding North Dakota's mail. She sighed heavily. Despite her efforts to forget her morning conversation with David, the words played over and over in her head. She knew she'd been hard on him. She prayed he was okay in Spain. Her thoughts were jarred by the loud hiss of the glass doors. She looked up and groaned. Cryptographer Greg Hale stood in the opening. Greg Hale was tall and muscular with thick blond hair and a deep cleft chin. He was loud, thick-fleshed, and perpetually overdressed. His fellow cryptographers had nicknamed him â€Å"Halite†-after the mineral. Hale had always assumed it referred to some rare gem-paralleling his unrivaled intellect and rock-hard physique. Had his ego permitted him to consult an encyclopedia, he would have discovered it was nothing more than the salty residue left behind when oceans dried up. Like all NSA cryptographers, Hale made a solid salary. However, he had a hard time keeping that fact to himself. He drove a white Lotus with a moon roof and a deafening subwoofer system. He was a gadget junkie, and his car was his showpiece; he'd installed a global positioning computer system, voice-activated door locks, a five-point radar jammer, and a cellular fax/phone so he'd never be out of touch with his message services. His vanity plate read megabyte and was framed in violet neon. Greg Hale had been rescued from a childhood of petty crime by the U.S. Marine Corps. It was there that he'd learned about computers. He was one of the best programmers the Marines had ever seen, well on his way to a distinguished military career. But two days before the completion of his third tour of duty, his future suddenly changed. Hale accidentally killed a fellow Marine in a drunken brawl. The Korean art of self-defense, Tae kwon do, proved more deadly than defensive. He was promptly relieved of his duty. After serving a brief prison term, Halite began looking for work in the private sector as a programmer. He was always up front about the incident in the marines, and he courted prospective employers by offering a month's work without pay to prove his worth. He had no shortage of takers, and once they found out what he could do with a computer, they never wanted to let him go. As his computer expertise grew, Hale began making Internet connections all over the world. He was one of the new breed of cyberfreaks with E-mail friends in every nation, moving in and out of seedy electronic bulletin boards and European chat groups. He'd been fired by two different employers for using their business accounts to upload pornographic photos to some of his friends. â€Å"What are you doing here?† Hale demanded, stopping in the doorway and staring at Susan. He'd obviously expected to have Node 3 to himself today. Susan forced herself to stay cool. â€Å"It's Saturday, Greg. I could ask you the same question.† But Susan knew what Hale was doing there. He was the consummate computer addict. Despite the Saturday rule, he often slipped into Crypto on weekends to use the NSA's unrivalled computing power to run new programs he was working on. â€Å"Just wanted to re-tweak a few lines and check my E-mail,† Hale said. He eyed her curiously. â€Å"What was it you said you're doing here?† â€Å"I didn't,† Susan replied. Hale arched a surprised eyebrow. â€Å"No reason to be coy. We have no secrets here in Node 3, remember? All for one and one for all.† Susan sipped her lemon mist and ignored him. Hale shrugged and strode toward the Node 3 pantry. The pantry was always his first stop. As Hale crossed the room, he sighed heavily and made a point of ogling Susan's legs stretched out beneath her terminal. Susan, without looking up, retracted her legs and kept working. Hale smirked. Susan had gotten used to Hale hitting on her. His favorite line was something about interfacing to check the compatibility of their hardware. It turned Susan's stomach. She was too proud to complain to Strathmore about Hale; it was far easier just to ignore him. Hale approached the Node 3 pantry and pulled open the lattice doors like a bull. He slid a Tupperware container of tofu out of the fridge and popped a few pieces of the gelatinous white substance in his mouth. Then he leaned on the stove and smoothed his gray Bellvienne slacks and well-starched shirt. â€Å"You gonna be here long?† â€Å"All night,† Susan said flatly. â€Å"Hmm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Halite cooed with his mouth full. â€Å"A cozy Saturday in the Playpen, just the two of us.† â€Å"Just the three of us,† Susan interjected. â€Å"Commander Strathmore's upstairs. You might want to disappear before he sees you.† Hale shrugged. â€Å"He doesn't seem to mind you here. He must really enjoy your company.† Susan forced herself to keep silent. Hale chuckled to himself and put away his tofu. Then he grabbed a quart of virgin olive oil and took a few swigs. He was a health fiend and claimed olive oil cleaned out his lower intestine. When he wasn't pushing carrot juice on the rest of the staff, he was preaching the virtues of high colonics. Hale replaced the olive oil and went to down his computer directly opposite Susan. Even across the wide ring of terminals, Susan could smell his cologne. She crinkled her nose. â€Å"Nice cologne, Greg. Use the entire bottle? Hale flicked on his terminal. â€Å"Only for you, dear.† As he sat there waiting for his terminal to warm up, Susan had a sudden unsettling thought. What if Hale accessed TRANSLTR's Run-Monitor? There was no logical reason why he would, but nonetheless Susan knew he would never fall for some half-baked story about a diagnostic that stumped TRANSLTR for sixteen hours. Hale would demand to know the truth. The truth was something Susan had no intention of telling him. She did not trust Greg Hale. He was not NSA material. Susan had been against hiring him in the first place, but the NSA had had no choice. Hale had been the product of damage control. The Skipjack fiasco. Four years ago, in an effort to create a single, public-key encryption standard, Congress charged the nation's best mathematicians, those at the NSA, to write a new super algorithm. The plan was for Congress to pass legislation that made the new algorithm the nation's standard, thus alleviating the incompatibilities now suffered by corporations that used different algorithms. Of course, asking the NSA to lend a hand in improving public-key encryption was somewhat akin to asking a condemned man to build his own coffin. TRANSLTR had not yet been conceived, and an encryption standard would only help to proliferate the use of code-writing and make the NSA's already difficult job that much harder. The EFF understood this conflict of interest and lobbied vehemently that the NSA might create an algorithm of poor quality-something it could break. To appease these fears, Congress announced that when the NSA's algorithm was finished, the formula would be published for examination by the world's mathematicians to ensure its quality. Reluctantly, the NSA's Crypto team, led by Commander Strathmore, created an algorithm they christened Skipjack. Skipjack was presented to Congress for their approval. Mathematicians from all over the world tested Skipjack and were unanimously impressed. They reported that it was a strong, untainted algorithm and would make a superb encryption standard. But three days before Congress was to vote their certain approval of Skipjack, a young programmer from Bell Laboratories, Greg Hale, shocked the world by announcing he'd found a back door hidden in the algorithm. The back door consisted of a few lines of cunning programming that Commander Strathmore had inserted into the algorithm. It had been added in so shrewd a way that nobody, except Greg Hale, had seen it. Strathmore's covert addition, in effect, meant that any code written by Skipjack could be decrypted via a secret password known only to the NSA. Strathmore had come within inches of turning the nation's proposed encryption standard into the biggest intelligence coup the NSA had ever seen; the NSA would have held the master key to every code written in America. The computer-savvy public was outraged. The EFF descended on the scandal like vultures, ripping Congress to shreds for their naivete and proclaiming the NSA the biggest threat to the free world since Hitler. The encryption standard was dead. It had come as little surprise when the NSA hired Greg Hale two days later. Strathmore felt it was better to have him on the inside working for the NSA than on the outside working against it. Strathmore faced the Skipjack scandal head-on. He defended his actions vehemently to Congress. He argued that the public's craving for privacy would come back to haunt them. He insisted the public needed someone to watch over them; the public needed the NSA to break codes in order to keep the peace. Groups like the EFF felt differently. And they'd been fighting him ever since.

Commanding Heights Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Commanding Heights - Movie Review Example To add on that, consider this scenario, a documentary of cancer that is funded by manufacturers of cigarette, will you believe it fully? Then what you think about an economics documentary that is sponsored by large world corporations? From that, it can be concluded that although Commanding Heights is a PBS production, it is not objective and neutral. This can be demonstrated clearly as the first thing seen are the advertisements from the program corporate sponsors including British Petroleum and the federal express. On further audit, it is crystal clear that one of the original founders of the documentary was Enron even after the company scandalous fall. This illustrates Commanding Heights is substantially a piece of propaganda for the world mega-corporation as the financiers of the program have a major interest in advocating for pro-deregulation economic issues and Pro- big business. Â  This series encompasses frustrating duality: it is informative on issues of the contemporary politics and history but apparently, the bias not only on the choice of facts to present and not to present but also in the interpretation. Episode one, (the battle of ideas), examines two substantial competing ideologies about the economy of the world. Firstly it looks at the analogy of the free market as propagated by an economics theorist called Hayek. On the other hand, it looks at the concept of `planned economy’ as advocated by Keynes. It tracks how the ideological climate transitioned from one to the other over a century with a corresponding impact on the policies of the government. The synopsis of the specific opinion of these two critical thinkers is the most crucial part of this episode while the evaluation of the advantages of these positions is the least important.

Sex violence and crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sex violence and crime - Essay Example Furthermore, popular magazines form a part of the communication of language as seen through the Freud/Marxist theories which â€Å"reproduces sexuality as the male gaze toward a woman/object† (Keddie 1996). Carrette, in a critique of Foucault, however, believes that he has left the female perspective out of the discussion of sex, his history on the topic male centered without the feminine point of view. In examining the concept of what is true, discovering how truth is defined provides some substance to the topic. Truth is a concept that suggests that there is a sense of the absolute somewhere within the greater historical perspective. However, according to Foucault, it is all perspective and indefinable through a notion of reality versus illusion. What is presented to the readership of popular magazines is a perception of truth that can neither be confirmed nor denied as the possibility exists that it is someone’s truth (Taylor 2008). The plausible deniability of compl ete falsehood makes the representations have validity. Despite the desire to rail against the overwhelmingly illusionary editorial elements of the imagery and rhetoric within popular magazines, the reality of the world that is created has the prospect of reflecting the truth somewhere, thus they can be said to be true. The Discourse of Sex within Magazines Sex is a rudimentary element of life which has a biological function of procreation, but sexuality is an extended element of culture, complicated and confusing as it has become a focus that extends far beyond its founding purpose. Sex is mediated by culture, described, commented upon, and distorted in a never ending search for identification, classification, and perfection. According to Paris (2011), sexual behaviors are a learned process in which the ways in which sexual identity is displayed in order to find a mate is defined by the norms of a culture. In observing each other, the members of a society discover how to behave in o rder to become a part of the social groups that are divided by gender. Gender ideals are defined by mimicking the feminine or masculine of older generations, children looking to their role models in order to find their position in the sexual framework of their culture. In this age of communication, however, the focus has shifted from members of familial groups and their communities towards the images and discourse that is provided through the popular media, magazines providing a great deal of the images that affect the perception of female and male sexual roles. Little girls no longer focus their attention upward towards their mothers as much as downward into their hands a they peruse the magazine and forward to the screen of the television or their computer, these images impressing upon them an unattainable perfection through which they seek their own position within the framework of their gender. The hegemony of culture infected by the conceptualization of truth that is brought fo rth through a discourse of untruths that are presented as realistic reflections of a cultural script that is imposed rather than developed through social interaction (Norris 1996). In other words, rather than the dialogue happening through interactions with others within a community, interactions are now constructed between a person and the power of the magazine in dispersing ‘truths’ and designing dominant knowledge. The pressure on little boys is just as profound, their mandate to

Marketing Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Research - Essay Example Due to this, the firm used a third party to come up with an infomercial to raise awareness and recorded sales. However, after a few months 25% of the initial sales have been returned by consumers. Golfers who had tried the Jacket before its debut didn’t show any sign of embarrassment while wearing the device nor did they find it uncomfortable. In addition, during initial stages of development, no problems were identified at all. The problem is that, before initial production, the company did not have requisite consumer information to inform the actual production. In this case, the firm has proposed a study in order to determine the causes of Swing Jacket return rates once purchases have been made. Research Objectives In marketing products, consumer behaviour is always an important aspect (Aaker 1991; Conover, J. N. 1982). According to Perner, L (2010), a market research is often carried out to ensure that what is produced is what customers yearn for and not what the producersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ term as the ideal product. ... t return rates once purchases have been made despite the fact that golfers who had tried the Jacket before its debut didn’t show any sign of embarrassment while wearing the device nor did they find it uncomfortable. In addition, during initial stages of development, no problems were identified at all. Further, it will be of importance to establish whether the information contained in the infomercial is coherent with the product. This as Bettman and Park (1980) puts it goes a long way in maintaining marketing ethics of beneficence, where the benefits and not risks are spread out uniformly between the sellers and buyers. This goes a long way in maintaining consumer trust. Importance/Benefits The study of consumer needs on a Swing Jacket will help Swing Jacket Inc. to improve the Swing Jacket with the understanding of how consumers perceive the product and how they make their selections between different alternatives, if any. The returns are made after several months of using the Swing Jackets. In this regard, the study will help the firm determine the level of influence from their environment e.g. culture, family, the media etc.). Such information will further assist the firm in understanding the behavior of consumers while making shopping and other marketing decisions as well as in gaining understanding on limitations hindering consumer access and processing of information (Perner, L 2010; Brucks, M. (1985). Swing Jacket Inc. is in dire need to cut a market niche and to reduce the return rate of the Swing Jacket which is at nearly 25% of the total sales. In this regard, the information from the study will enable the firm adopt new marketing strategies and campaigns to reach more customers effectively translating to more profits. An understanding of what brand was

Compare great depression with the last recession of 2008-2009 Term Paper

Compare great depression with the last recession of 2008-2009 - Term Paper Example Its impact hit the world for a long period that would see governments elect new leaders for several terms before it came to an end. Most of the African countries were still under colonial leadership and hence their independence came after the depression. It is estimated to have begun in October 1929, in United States, stretching across the next decade until 1939 (â€Å"The great depression,† thinkquest.org). At the beginning of the depression, Herbert Hoover was the president in United States, but transitions led to Franklin Roosevelt becoming his successor, while the country struggled to recover its economy. The end of the depression marked the beginning of World War II, where the United States appeared to be the chief creditor and source of funds for the war. The European nations were the most indebted to the United States; Germany and Great Britain suffered the most with regard to how their economies were devastated, as they struggled to pay war reparations, what they owed the United States, and change the weak state of their nations. The commonly referred 2008/2009 recession was termed as the worst so far since the postwar period. Precisely, its origin can be traced back in the United States after December 2007, in the emerging issues of the housing market; the economies linked with the United States had to experience the economic shock afterwards till the approximated time of its ending in June 2009 (EPI stateofworkingamerica.org). Majority of nations worldwide are in the better stages of recovery, and some have actually succeeded to overcome the tragedy. The global economy had shown progress before the recession, as most developing countries were working hard enough to raise their economies, since they had acquired development funds and support from the developed nations. Although the depression period was shorter, most developing nations were hit hard due to their linked economies and investments with developed nations. According to Cross, Canada stands out as the only G7 country that has entirely pulled out of the crisis compared to the rest six (statcan.gc.ca). In the United States, the recovery is yet to end though the economy’s progress is encouraging the citizens concerning their future. As for the European nations, the Euro zone crisis continues to affect their economies and industries to date. Most of their powerful nations like Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Spain are thriving on rescue program funds by the European bank and IMF (Raman ibtimes.com). Cause of the crisis: The great depression had earlier been preceded by another depression six months earlier, though its impacts were not severe. Great recession was initiated by the collapse of stock values in the New York stock exchange in October 1929; investors saw a quick and great loss in their shareholdings that after the next 3 years, the stock prices had reduced by 20% of their value in 1929 (â€Å"About the great,† illinois.edu). Before the decline o f the stock prices, New York stock value had increased, which encouraged massive number of investors to purchase more stock, in the hope that it would pay back with much profits when the future stock prices raise. However, the stock prices expressed variation in a very short period before drastically dropping. The value of assets downturn did not spare financial institutions that

The different types of protein defects that can be associated with the Essay

The different types of protein defects that can be associated with the red blood cell - Essay Example RBCs give blood its characteristic red color†. Hemoglobin is a metalloprotein, which means it is a protein that includes iron as one of its constituent atoms. For the reason of oxygen distribution, hemoglobin has multiple chemical â€Å"slots† for storing oxygen. This oxygen is acquired from the heart, where red blood cells are replenished with oxygen from the lungs. According toToole(2004: 32) â€Å"Red blood cells are unusual in having no nucleus, mitochondria and they are much thinner in the middle and so form a biconcave shape†. The red blood cell is the main component of the circulatory system, also known by the name of cardiovascular system. In the circulatory system, the channels know as arteries hold oxygen-rich blood for distribution to the body, while veins give back oxygen-poor blood to the heart for replenishment. The oxygen levels of blood can be assessed by looking at its color – oxygen-poor blood has bluish color, while oxygen-rich blood looks red. The second important function to carrying oxygen although less commonly known, is the capability of red blood cells to carry carbon dioxide. CO2 is a waste product formed due to metabolism in every cell in the human body Red blood cells measure a diameter of about 6-8 micrometers (millionths of a meter), similar in size to much of the cells in the body. An RBC is biconcave in shape.Rosenberge (2010)states that â€Å"Red blood cells completely lack in most other common cellular parts, such as a nucleus with DNA, or mitochondria†. Due to their small shape and physical structure, the RBC can squish in to the small capillaries where the blood vessels are the smallest. Without this nature of flexibility , they have a high chance of getting stuck and cause obstructions in the circulation Because red blood cells are so important to your body, when they dont work properly, it often leads to

1st Great Awakening of the 18th Century Assignment

1st Great Awakening of the 18th Century - Assignment Example They also had a great influence on the government by seeking legislative laws that favored their operations.Their religious views condemned the evils in the society as at this time slavery was at its peak. They threatened to hellfire and brimstone for those who did not repent. They also brought division in the Church of England leading to the emergence of the Methodist church. It also saw the formation of the first African Baptists churches in states such as southern Virginia. It also resulted in a better reflection of God and salvation through Jesus Christ. The great awakening played a vital role in the upcoming religious revolution. Many people developed a greater sense of God and were passionately and emotionally connected to him through salvation. It also led to a greater appreciation of women in the society although they were not allowed to preach as at that time. The leaders such as Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards kept the memoirs and diaries of their preaching as they traverse d across the great Atlantic and American states. The 1st great awakening, therefore, created a more passionate relationship with people and God. It also led to a better understanding of salvation and establishment of the Baptist church. A new seed had been planted in which religion thrived. The future of religion seemed promising, yet polarizing individuals on religious lines. Additionally, the preaching was meant to bring more people to Christ and condemn the evil in the society resulting to fear among the colonizers.

Religion freedom Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Religion freedom - Term Paper Example Different nations of the world starting with the Western democracies have further enacted powerful laws protecting the general public against any form of religion discrimination (Johnson, 2012). The Western democracies have a great influence on political, social and even economic well being of most other nations of the world. Expansion of religious freedom in US and other European nations has led to expansion of the same in other states of the world. This has a vital implication on the development of universal rights and development of a global code of ethics. The history of religion can be traced way back to the Neolithic period. This is approximately 11,000 years ago. Some scholars of the world believe that religion evolved from a certain region- Near East and later spread to the rest of the world something that has brought about strong debates and arguments in the field of religion. Some scholars tend to believe that the religion did not evolve from a single region but rather evolved independently in different regions of the world (Barbara, 2007). According to this theory, the invention of religion was brought about by the consequences of the Neolithic revolution that had resulted into increase of the population of the world as well as the growth, development and advancement of the world’s technology (Barbara, 2007). During this era, the different communities of the world faced a transition from the foraging bands to empires and then into the states existing today. As the different communities transformed from foraging bands and tribe that comprised of fewer individuals into empires, more developed and specialized forms of regions emerged. These are the same religions reflected in today’s social and political environment. However, different religions have different beliefs, norms and codes of ethics which are partially applicable to the entire world (Barbara, 2007). According to Mark (2009), religion is a very organized system of

Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Accounting - Essay Example PART C: On The basis of your work in Part B, prepare an income statement, a statement of owner’s equity and a balance sheet for the Aimless Company for the accounting period in question in the space provided. PART A: Shown are the first three numerical columns of the worksheet for Rahman Company, a corporation, for the year ending December 31, 2001. Fill in the blank spaces in these three columns, where appropriate. (Hint: Look for both sides of the entry for adjustments and extend account balances.) PART B: Shown next are the last two columns of the worksheet for Rahman Company for the period ending December 31, 2001. On the basis of the earlier three columns that you have completed, fill in these two columns of the worksheet, checking to see if the totals balance. PART C: On the basis of your work in PART B, prepare an income statement, a statement of retained earnings and a balance sheet for Rahman Company for the accounting period in question in the space

Benefits of Electric Vehicles Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Electric Vehicles Essay 1: Problem Statement The market for plug in vehicles is growing more competitive since variety of manufacturers are increasingly offering plug in hybrid and battery electrical vehicle. However, the initially adopted two key drivers, lower operating cost and zero emission driving, are not proving to be as effective as expected. The market for Electrical Vehicle is still struggling to expand towards more mass-market. The purpose of this research is to acquire knowledge and get a better understanding of the cost- benefit of plug in electrical vehicles as well as its’ impact on environmental and financial policies. Questions!! What are the cost and benefits of Electric Vehicles? What is the environmental impact of electric vehicles? How can environmental and financial policies influence on consumer support? 2: Popular sources [IF USED—THESE DON’T COUNT TOWARD THE FIVE SOURCE REQUIREMENT] Write a brief summary of the key information found from your bridge sources and popular source phase of the research. Source cited Give the key points and issue that have broadened you understanding into the problem you are researching 1. Green vehicle. http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Electric_vehicle An electric vehicle is any motor vehicle that uses one or more electric motors or traction motors as a driving force. There are three main types of electric vehicle exist, those that are directly powered from an external power station, those that are powered by stored electricity originally from an external power source, and those that are powered by an on-board electrical generator, such as an internal combustion engine (a hybrid electric vehicle) or a hydrogen fuel cell. These vehicles are environment friendly as they release almost no air pollutants at the place where they are operated. They also have less noise pollution than an internal combustion engine vehicle. EV gives the greater degree of energy resilience as electricity is a form of energy that remains within the region where it produced. 2. Green Cars and Todays Economy. http://www. consumerenergyreport. com/green-cars-and-todays-economy/ According to this article, plug-in hybrid electrical help the economy and personal expenses can determine which green car to buy. The article specifies the pros and cons of having an electric vehicle. Among the advantages are low insurance cost, low gas cost, job creation and better air quality. The disadvantages include maintenance, initial cost and battery life. 3. Negative Environmental Impacts of Hybrid Vehicles. http://greenliving. lovetoknow. com/Hybrid_Vehicles_Negative_Environmental_Impact This article describes the negative environmental impact Hybrid vehicles. It defines different kinds of hybrids. It questions the source of electrical power for hybrids. According to the article hybrid cars are not emission free. The batteries contain nickel in them and are considered toxic. Two other negative aspects that are covered include the negative impact of high voltage wiring and the initial cost associated with the green Car. 3: Scholarly sources List of sources broken down by discipline: Source cited Research process Qualitative/quantitative Framing or norm/post/critical Key insights/theories/points How does this understanding conflict with any other insight/theory or concur 1. Ecology a) R. Socolow, V. Thomas (2000). The Industrial Ecology of lead and electrical vehicle. Journal of Industrial Ecology. Volume 1, issue 1, Pages 13-36, January 2000 b) Title, author? Journal of Environmental Planning Management; Jan 2009, Vol. 52 Issue 1, P79-96. According to this paper, a common risk analysis of electric vehicles is misguided, because it treats lead batteries and lead additives in gasoline on the same footing and implies that the lead battery should be abandoned. The authors stated that â€Å"The use of lead additives in gasoline is a dissipative use where emissions cannot be confined: The goal of management should be and has been to phase out this use. The use of lead in batteries is a recyclable use, because the lead remains confined during cycles of discharge and recharge. † Clean recycling of the lead batteries should be the goal.. A management system closely approaching clean recycling should be achievable. The lead battery has the potential to become a hazardous product managed in the world. The tools of industrial ecology are helpful in identifying the key criteria that an ideal lead-battery recycling system must meet maximal recovery of batteries after use, minimal export of used batteries to countries where environmental controls are weak, minimal impact on the health of communities near lead-processing facilities, and maximal worker protection from lead exposure in these facilities. This research paper explores quantitatively Californians interest in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) based on a statewide phone survey conducted in July 2004 by the Public Policy Institute of California. The paper develops factors that summarize beliefs about energy and the environment using principal component analysis. This study result concludes that the Californians concerned about the environment, energy efficiency, global warming and recent increases in the price of gasoline state a higher interest in hybrids. Another important reason for considering hybrid electric vehicles, however, is the possibility of using high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes while driving alone, especially for people with potentially long commutes to work. The findings also suggest that beliefs about energy and the environment should be included in vehicle type choice models. First article is emphasizing on the negative impact that electric vehicle has on the environment whereas the latter one highlights on the eco-friendliness and the popularity of the EVs. Source cited Research process Qualitative/quantitative Framing or norm/post/critical Key insights/theories/points How does this understanding conflict with any other insight/theory or concur 2. Technology. c) Systems for hybrid cars. Otmar Bitsche et. al. Journal of power sources 127 (2004) 8-15. d) The state of the art of electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. C. C. Chan. Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol 95, No 4, April 2007. The Otmar article gives us a detailed understanding of what plug-in hybrid electrical are and how their drive trains offer a wide range of benefits such as multifaceted performance improvements, reduced emissions and reduced fuel consumption compared to the internal combustion engine. It demonstrates how important the battery is in different hybrid cars for the right specific automotive application. It describes the cost and safety aspects in terms of battery type and performance of such vehicles. Competition alongside with legislation is pushing hybrid technology towards the future. The paper describes different types of hybrid vehicles and their advantages. It should therefore be considered to have a positive perspective to the reader. However one weakness to the article is that is is relatively technical and may not be appeasing to the general reader in order to understand hybrid cars in a nutshell. Also, the kind of hybrid that would be considered the best in terms of performance is not mentioned. The most significant aspect of the article is it describes all the different modes of hybrid operation and how regenerative braking affects the performance of the battery hence the author develops an important concept. The author approaches the subject matter through a unique method in which he describes stop-start hybrids followed by mild hybrids and full hybrids before focusing on purely electrical cars. The author argues while safety comes first, it is the cost that determines the most important factor to buying a hybrid. In contrast, the Chan paper describes the different state of the art hybrid vehicles in particular. These include Toyota Prius, Honda Civic, Ford Escape, Saturn vue, ISE transient buses and Honda FCX. Chan describes a detailed history of Evs, HEVs and FCVs which the Otmar paper tends to lack. The article describes the differences among Electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles and points out the advantages and disadvantages of each. The paper describes how a better understanding of control theory is essential for the future development of these vehicles. This article is useful in order to choose the right green car for ones individual needs. It describes the hybrid system car by car and is therefore very useful for understanding what is available in the auto market and what to expect from each individual model. The paper is more geared towards the general reader and offers a positive perspective. The most significant aspect of the article is that it is focused on individual car model. It is also in agreement with other sources on hybrid vehicles. The author makes a informative comparison in the form of a table where he compare and contrasts battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles in terms of propulsion, energy system, energy source and infrastructure, characteristics and major issues. These factors may arise to a debate on which type of green car is superior in overall performance. Source cited Research process Qualitative/quantitative Framing or norm/post/critical Key insights/theories/points. How does this understanding conflict with any other insight/theory or concur Economics. e) Fredrik Carlsson (2003) Costs and Benefits of electric Vehicles. A 2010 perspective. . Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, volume 37, part 1, January 2003, pp. 1-28. f) Consumer support for environmental policies: An application to purchases of plug-in hybrid electrical vehicle. Alex Coad et. al. Ecological Economics 68 (2009), 2078-2086. The Fredrick paper describes a social cost-benefit analysis with respect to the increase in electric vehicle number within the Swedish transport sector by the year 2010. According to the paper electric cars are socially unprofitable in spite of having a lower life cycle cost compared to their gasoline counterparts. This is due to government subsidies on electric cars which outweigh the benefits related to low fuel consumption. Despite the environmental advantages, electric vehicles are not very common and different means of financially supporting them is often subject to debate. The paper uses a cost benefit model to determine consumer welfare or utility and can be looked upon as having a normative perspective. The weakness of the paper is that it assumes too many assumptions which is not always realistic. It is a technical paper and therefore the mathematical section is not suitable for the general public. The most significant aspect of this research is to answer the question as to whether governments should subsidize electric vehicles and the conclusion is negative. In his conclusion the author states that due to too many uncertainties the case for public subsidies becomes uncertain. In contrast, the Alex paper describes how consumer motivation can be used to encourage the adoption of cleaner technologies. According to the author intrinsic motivation such as energy labels for cars and extrinsic motivation such as subsidies or fines can be used to encourage the adoption of cleaner technologies. The paper analyzes a survey data set of Swiss households. The results of this survey are of particular interest to policy makers who are keen on guiding consumers towards cleaner technology. This paper gives us a better understanding of intrinsic motivation which is the kind of motivation that comes from within ourselves and not from an outside source that rewards money or grades. Extrinsic motivation is guided by some type of external subject or reward. The paper analyzes to what extent consumers are willing to support public policies in order to promote energy efficient cars. The nature of the article is of normative perspective. The weakness of the article is that the survey was conducted on 1500 Swiss households. Nothing about the age or nature of these households are mentioned in the serve. The most significant aspect of the paper is that it gives one a better understanding of different motivation to get a job done. Although both these papers discuss about the economic perspective of plug-in hybrid electrical, they do so in very different way. While the former article is a cost benefit description of electric vehicles by utilizing an economic model, the latter can be considered as an article that describes the motivation that drives consumer support towards the purchase of a green car. 4: Disciplinary Overlapping: In all sources except for the Cost and benefits article it is mentioned that plug-in hybrid electrical are more cost effective than their gasoline counterpart. However, Fredrik Carlsson in his article mentions that electrical vehicles are socially unprofitable in spite of having a lower private life cycle cost and external cost compared to petrol cars. All six articles do however agree that plug-in hybrid electrical are more fuel efficient and environmentally friendlier than gasoline cars. give us a better understanding on what plug-in hybrid electrical are like and how they have evolved with time. mentions the different systems in hybrid vehicles while describes specific models helping us to choose which green car to buy. The cost benefits of buying a green car is discussed in, however, the source is based on many assumptions and the paper itself is very technical. focuses on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation that leads to support of environmental policies. The articles in general give us a better understanding of the problem statement. However one aspect that was overlooked by all the sources involves the environmental effect of different kind of battery systems, their waste and disposal. Category /Element Criteria Range: (Na)(No)(A)(M) Purposefulness (20) identifies a clear research problem and explains it; Readings chosen are relevant to the problem as defined (10-12),(13-15), (16-18),(19-20) 15 Grounding (40) identifies and adequately summarizes the constituent elements of each source: insights, theories or concepts, methodologies, sources of evidence; connects each source to a part of the problem that it helps illuminate (10-12),(13-15), (16-18),(19-20) 0 The selection of sources gives appropriate â€Å"coverage† of the problem (10-12),(13-15), (16-18),(19-20) 17 Critical Awareness (20). Student recognizes and explains how the different elements of each source affect the findings—methods, theories, concepts, assumptions; Student identifies meaningful conflicts or commonalities among different sources (10-12),(13-15), (16-18),(19-20) 17 Integration (20) Student makes intelligent comparisons between insights, theories, methods or data across disciplinary lines to support an improved understanding or cognitive advancement; explains how different ideas could be applied to an improved understanding (10-12),(13-15), (16-18),(19-20) 16 Total: 65.

History of Indias Economy

History of Indias Economy History of Indian Economy Journey of Indian economy from a devastated nation to a developing worldwide economy is a moving illustration for some creating countries. Keeping in mind the end goal to comprehend Indias financial voyage, it is vital to shed some light on Indias political and budgetary history. Following 200 years of British standard, India turned into a free sovereign country in 1947. This recently conceived country confronted various issues including a smashed economy, a negligible rate of education and horrific destitution. It was a mission unimaginable for Indian pioneers, however Sardar Patel, Nehru and others converted India into a common and vote based country. To better comprehend Indias economic development; its economic history ought to be separated into two stages, the initial 45 years after the autonomy and the most recent twenty years as a free market economy. Throughout the initial 45 years after freedom, Indias economy was separated into two unique fragments, private and public. The private area possessed and worked little to medium size organizations and commercial ventures ensured by the administration and the legislature dealt with everything else. The legislature was responsible for the vast majority of the buyer administrations including transportation, for example, aerial shuttles, railroads and nearby transportation, correspondence administrations, for example, postal, phone and broadcast, radio and TV, and social administrations, for example, training and medicinal services. The proposition of the legislature was to give these administrations, at a sensible expense, and additionally vocation. India received a five-year impro vement plan from its closest associate, the Soviet Union, with a specific end goal to enhance framework, agrarian handling, human services, and instruction; however the advancement was greatly moderate because of Indias fair framework. Indias economy and political framework experienced an extreme emergency throughout the time of Indira Gandhi and her Congress Party guideline. Throughout her organization, there was no economic advancement due to an absence of regard for economic change. Gandhi and her Congress Party gave careful consideration to how to stay in force as opposed to tackling Indias economic and social issues. In 1975, Gandhi captured resistance pioneers, forced oversight on the press and suspended races. Throughout this time, economic development stagnated and far reaching defilement turned into the standard. At long last, bowing down to huge inward and outer weight, she proclaimed a general decision in 1977. Gandhi and her Congress party lost that race. In a couple of years, she returned into force again and her child Rajiv Gandhi assumed control after her death, as PM. He stayed in force until he was additionally murdered in a shell impact and Indias economy was totally overlooked. Throughout the ear ly 1990s, Indias economy started to decline and was confronted with developing expansion, unemployment and neediness and truly low outside trade hold. The breakdown of the Soviet Union altogether affected Indians economy in light of the fact that the Soviets were Indias significant exchanging accomplice and a key supplier of ease oil. Accordingly, India needed to purchase oil from the free market. India was accepting an enormous settlement of remote trade from Indians working in the Middle East, yet the Gulf War sent many Indian labourers back home bringing about an immense gouge in Indias outside store. Thusly, Indias remote trade store tumbled to a low of $240 million, simply enough to backing just two weeks of imports. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank offered help to India in return for economic changes. The legislature used up choices lastly, the administration needed to transform its shut-entryway economic arrangements in 1991. Luckily, nobody from the Gandhi family was in force to settle on choices for the nation and Prime Minister Narasimha Rao took steps towards liberalization and privatization to change Indias economy. Manmohan Singh, who was the money priest around then went ahead and presented a few economic changes. He brought down levy levels, changed conversion scale approach, changed modern permitting strategy and likewise loose Indias outside immediate financing (FDI) arrangement. These changes opened the entryways for multinational organizations to put resources into India. India accepted positive reactions from worldwide financial specialists. When the 1991 changes, remote value proprietorship was limited to 40 percent and the exchange of engineering was important to work together in India. These hindrances were evacuated for outside organizations. Numerous multinational organizations exploited Indias new economic strategies and expanded their stakes to more than 51 percent in their subsidiarie s bringing about a few fold expand in outside immediate financing in only three years. Demographics: The current populace of the Republic of India is evaluated to be about 1.27 billion individuals, which is an expansion of something like 2.3% from the last record of the populace. Historically in the course of the last a large portion of a century, the number of inhabitants in India has been short of what the number of inhabitants in China. However, lately, the number of inhabitants in India has been expanding substantially more than the number of inhabitants in China has, so the populace crevice is moderating diminishing between the two nations. In view of the aggregate area territory and the aggregate populace of the nation, the populace thickness of India is something like 1001 individuals for every square mile. According to age the population of India can be divided in to the following categories Age Structure Years Percentage Male Female 0-14 28.9 187,236,677 165,219,615 15-24 18.2 117,385,009 104,516,448 25-54 40.4 253,642,261 239,219,931 55-64 6.9 42,307,170 41,785,413 65 and above 5.7 32,992,850 36,494,985 Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The Economy of India is the tenth-biggest on the planet by ostensible GDP and the third-biggest by purchasing power parity. Indian Economy is second third biggest in Asia in term of purchasing power parity and Nominal GDP and biggest Economy in South Asia. It is the worlds second quickest developing-real economy simply after China, with development rates averaging 7.7% in the course of recent years Unemployment rate Unemployment records in India are kept by the Ministry of Labour and Employment of India. From 1983 till 2013, Unemployment rates in India found the middle value of 7.6 percent arriving at a record-breaking-high of 9.4 percent in December 2010 and a record low of 3.8 Percent in December 2013. In India, the unemployment rate measures the amount of individuals heartily searching for work as a rate of the work energy. The amount of unemployed persons in India diminished to 39963 thousand in 2009 from 39974 thousand in 2010. Unemployed persons in India arrived at the midpoint of 36933 thousand from 1985 until 2012, arriving at a record-breaking-high of 41750 thousand in 2001 and a record low of 24861 thousand in 1985. In India, unemployed persons are people who are without a vocation and eagerly trying to work. India has a Gini coefficient of 36.8 The check of individuals being without work is on the ascent in India as economic stoppage and slower business development exercises cast a shadow on job era, say specialists. Showing drowsiness in the nations occupation showcase, the International Labor Organization (ILO) has said in its late report that the unemployment situation in India throughout the most recent two years has been demonstrating a climbing pattern. The exchange rate An exchange rate has a counter currency and a base currency. In an immediate quotation, the remote currency is the base currency and the provincial currency is the counter currency. In an aberrant quotation, the local currency is the base currency and the outside currency is the counter currency. Most exchange rates utilize the US dollar as the base currency and different coinage as the counter currency. Correspondingly India likewise does the same. The business cycle The primary venture in the economics of business cycles is to secure `stylised realities about the qualities of business cycle variances. When these are known, elective models could be judged on the degree they can anticipate these stylised certainties. Concerning there is the inquiry of structural conversion of the economy. There was an old Indian macroeconomics which agonized over distinctive things. In late decades, the economy has changed in basic ways: the economy has gotten to be basically open, the part of agribusiness has subsided, a budgetary framework has happened and private choices of firms that are formed by fiscal markets now overwhelm variances of venture. It seems evident a farming-ruled economy, where horticulture is 12% of GDP, the part of rainstorm stuns in GDP ought to blur away, which ought to matter for the ghostly properties of business cycle changes. Different sorts of structural change may not change stylised certainties excessively. The three parts which appear to be the reasons of unfriendly impact on the business cycle of India are: (a) The decrease in the offer of farming; (b) Investment/ stock cycles established in the conduct of private firms and budgetary markets and (c) Capital record coordination. The blurring ceaselessly of agribusiness gave a decrease in the instability of GDP. Speculation and yield are currently emphatically connected because of the new financing/stock cycle that is established in the private segment. Ace-cyclicality of capital streams aides clarify higher utilization instability. A lot of learning in Indian economics was rendered old when India changed from being a shut and poor nation to being an open and center-salary economy. Consumer spending patterns The purchasers habits of spending in India are definitely diverse when contrasted with the western world. Ordinarily, Indians are very economical in the matter of utilizing their assets, and they emphatically put stock in reusing wherever conceivable. Case in point, a nearby merchant might provide for you sustenance wrapped in daily papers. Despite the fact that the public transportation offices are used to the greatest, individuals lean toward buying little measured autos. It is not exactly exceptional to see enormous families going inside little autos. Indians definitely do show a more terrific level of tolerance and continuance. Presently with the economic blast, and with the impersonation of western consumerism, one may get the thought that things may very well go crazy. The country India is quick getting up to speed with the economic development. With the rising patterns in consumerism, Indians are more averse to lessen their using on family conveniences and lifestyle vital elements like training, social insurance and transportation. Then again, a large portion of the Indians may cease from obtaining extravagance things, as they think as of it to be immaterial for their lives. Then again, with the quick economic developments, unique varieties could be seen in the using examples of Indians. The using propensities, particularly in the urban zones are tilting more towards the buy of extravagance things also. In the wake of using on the aforementioned consumption, the higher working class Indians figure out how to make savings of 17% of their salaries. Passing by the aforementioned information, the Indian advertise without a doubt does seem brilliant for further business. Investment patterns The Indian shopper is changing and advancing. Furthermore, so are his utilization and investment designs. As Indian purchasers extricate their tote-strings and are less hesitant to putting resources into offbeat investment choices, the whole investment story is getting redefined. The recognition and use of investment choices in metros and high development towns is high. Individuals are progressively contributing and increasing cash through different investment choices. The common trust industry in India shows an intriguing situation of 48 million financial gurus, a substantial mixed bag of item offerings and concurrence of private, public and outside Asset Managing Companies. Corporates are the predominant mogul amass in the Indian Mutual Fund Industry and they represent very nearly 48% of the aggregate investment (AUM) in the business and they are more turned towards non-value reserves which offer high security liquidity and subsequently their inclination towards Liquid/Money Market and Debt-arranged trusts; The second overwhelming gathering in the business is the Retail financial gurus gathering which represents just about 24% of the aggregate investment (AUM) in the business, while they represent 98% of the 48 million speculators in the business India Government Spending Government Spending in India expanded to 1907.13 INR Billion in the final quarter of 2013 from 1503.10 INR Billion in the second from last quarter of 2013. Government Spending in India arrived at the midpoint of 1282.71 INR Billion from 2004 until 2013, arriving at an unsurpassed-high of 1907.13 INR Billion in the final quarter of 2013 and a record low of 735.82 INR Billion in the second quarter of 2004. Government Spending in India is accounted for by the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation (MOSPI). Import and export of India Question 1 Suggest, based on your data, how the country can better its economic growth? To make Indias economic development more practical, India needs a second era of changes to accelerate privatization of government possessed organizations, enhance money related and lawful frameworks to ensure investment and modernize its foundation. It is likewise essential to present business cordial assessment changes redesign work laws to the worldwide level and kill administration to pull in more global organizations with more investment. Three real main thrusts can support the Indias economic development and success. Expanded outside immediate investment, Indias smoothness in data innovation and expanded down home utilization due to a developing working class populace. The mixture of outside immediate investment and finesse in data engineering can help in processing many new employments and can make a developing white collar class that thusly can make expanded household utilization. In outcome again outside immediate investments will build to take care of the demand of Indian cu stomers. Indias developing white collar class is the spine of its economy and it is normal that about 50% of its populace will fall into the classification of working class by 2040 with a significant measure of disposable pay. The last period of development hailed from a developing data innovation industry and administration industry. India is turning into a centre point for data innovation and an information-based economy. In view of the accessibility of a profoundly gifted specialized workforce and enhanced security of licensed innovation, numerous western firms moved their innovative work offices to India with a specific end goal to decrease their RD cost. Indias economy is currently underpinned by its skill in data engineering, bigger capital business, enhancing foundation and developing white collar class with expanding disposable wage. Question 2 Why should we be worried about high unemployment? Suggest a government policy that may help improve the employment rate of the country that you have chosen and explain how this policy will help lead to better economic growth High unemployment may demonstrate a discouraged economy, yet there are great reasons why it may not, as well. When new advances create, old ones get abandoned. The truth of the matter is that large portions of our untalented specialists are, exculpate the doltish correlation, in the same way as the stacks of old electronic typewriters that are heaped up in junkyards around the nation. The cutting edge economy neednt bother with them. The point to be agonized over is the an alternate reason of unemployment like retreat. Under retreat Financial strategy can diminish unemployment by serving to build total interest and the rate of economic development. The administration will need to seek after expansionary monetary strategy; this includes cutting charges and expanding government using. Easier expenses increment disposable salary (e.g. VAT slice to 15% in 2008) and in this manner help to expand utilization, prompting higher total interest (AD). With an increment in AD, there will be an expansion in Real GDP (as long as there is extra limit in the economy.) If firms process all the more, there will be an expansion sought after for laborers and thusly lower request-insufficient unemployment. Additionally, with higher total interest and solid economic development, fewer firms will go bankrupt significance fewer occupation misfortunes. Keynes was a solid promoter of expansionary monetary approach throughout a delayed subsidence. He contend that in a retreat, assets (both capital and work) are unmoving, in this manner the legislature ought to mediate and make extra request to decrease unemployment.

Self Harm And Suicide In Prison

Self Harm And Suicide In Prison Although specific explanations have been put forward by those attempting to explain self harm and suicide, they can each generally fit into one of two main larger theories. The first, that the individual characteristics of inmates themselves are explanatory variables and that their susceptibility to self-harm and suicide is essentially imported into prison. The second, that it is the environmental factors characteristic of prison which actually act as a causative link between prisoners and acts of self-harm or suicide. The ideas behind these explanations are informed by an even larger theoretical debate around how people adjust to prison generally; the two contrasting arguments are known as the importation and deprivation models. The first point to examine is the validity of argument that individual characteristics are indeed what primarily predisposes prisoners to self-harm and suicide. Such arguments stem from the importation model, which supports the notion that prisoners already possess certain characteristics making them more likely to self-harm before they are even in prison. According to Irwin and Cressey (1962, p.145) a clear understanding of inmate conduct cannot be obtained simply by viewing prison culture or inmate culture as an isolated system springing solely from the conditions of imprisonment. The factors researchers have tended to focus on include; gender, age, psychiatric, history, offence-type, legal status and sentence length. Zamble and Porporino have outlined adverse life events, negative interpersonal relationships, social and economic disadvantage, alcohol and drug addiction, contact with criminal justice agencies, poor educational and employment history, low self-esteem, poor problem-s olving ability, and low motivational drive (cited in Liebling,1995,p. 181) as the characteristics of prisoners which can be relied upon in identifying risk factors. In a recent study conducted by Humber et al (2011), prisoner characteristics of suicide victims were in England and Wales were examined. They suggested that amongst the prison population there are particular groups more likely to be suicidal. This included; female prisoners, those who have been identified as being at risk of self-harm/suicide, those with a psychiatric illness and those with a history of violence. As has been discussed above, a vast amount of international research on prison suicide and self-harm has sought to understand this behaviour through focussing in on the individual characteristics of inmates. Due to the fact causes of suicide have been so strongly aligned with personal attributes of prisoners, public policy has often been structured with an emphasis on the prediction, prevention, and treatment of suicidal prisoners (Hayes ,1999). However, in focussing solely on the prisoners alone ignores a significant component of prison and that is the harsh environment and constraints which it enforces upon inmates. If the notion of imported vulnerability is relied upon in explaining suicide, it is assumed that one already exhibits certain traits before they were put in prison, such an assumption raises several questions of doubt. Prison suicide rates are commonly compared with those of the general population and this has highlighted that prisons have a higher number of suicides re lative to their population than that of mass society. It must be asked then if people already have certain characteristics before they get to prison then what is that leads them to suicide in prison and not in the outside world. The importation model also fails to explain those who have previously never suffered mental illness or any characteristic associated to being susceptible to suicide, but yet once imprisoned begin self-harming or even commit suicide. Rather than thinking of suicide as an individual issue, perhaps it should be approached from an institutional perspective which looks to its own walls for answers and not just at those who inhibit it. Liebling (1995, 1999) has repeatedly emphasised that concentrating studies exclusively on the individual is conceptually limited and she has stressed the need to approach prison suicide from an institutional perspective. Such discourse aligns with the deprivation model of thinking, originating from the work of (Clemmer,1940), (Goffman,1961) and (Sykes,1958). The deprivation model purports that it is the pains of imprisonment or deprivations suffered in prison, that primarily influences ones response to imprisonment. Sykes (1958) described; deprivations of security, autonomy, sexual desire, liberty, and goods and services as being central to the construction of such an environment. He suggested that prisoners could display self-centred and egotistical alienative modes of behaviour that arose from being forced to conform to roles commensurate with prison regimes and having to fit in with prison social life( Sykes,1958 p.295). More recently, De Viggianni (2007) and Ireland (2000), have also looked into incarceration and consequential suicidal behaviour. They drew correlations between such behaviour and the socio-environmental factors specific to prisons such as, a lack of support the presence of gang culture, and the prison code and its enforcement. It would therefore appear that the deprivation model is proposing that the more severe the consequences of the institutional regime are, the greater the likelihood of suicide occurring in prison. Huey and Mcnulty (2005) drew the conclusion that it is overcrowding so commonly experienced by prisons which plays a pivotal role in deprivation and consequently on prison suicide. A prison which is overcrowded and under staffed is undeniably more likely to have a decrease in standards. Services such as medical care, and unfavourable dynamics like staff-offender ratio, limited activities, a lack of food and clothing, unwanted interactions, and fluctuating social structures within the prison can all stem from overcrowding and all contribute to an increased risk of self-harm and suicide (Anasseril,2006). Lieblings (1992) study, involving interviews with prisoners who had attempted suicide whilst inside indicated that a prisoners vulnerability to suicide is also extremely relative to the suppor t and contact received from family and friends on the outside. She found that a scarcity of visits, written communications, and contact with community release/probation programs can detach a prisoner from the outside world and thus induce self- harming acts. She has also associated the use of time and opportunities available to prisoners with the likelihood of suicide. Believing that the ways in which inmates serve their sentences, can dramatically affect their mental state, she highlights inactivity as a crucial aspect of this. In New Zealand, the prison population is approximately 8698 people, with the imprisonment rate having increased by 53% in the last decade. (Department of Corrections, 2012a). Within his work calling for prison reform, Director of Rethinking Crime and Punishment, Kim Workman has alluded to the importance of values in prison. He suggests New Zealand needs to create a humane, just and workable prison system that attempts to reduce the pain of imprisonment(2009, p.18) and if a move can be accomplished from managing risk to creating a system supporting inmates to achieve their best, then that will be a major achievement. Although of course all prisons vary and some more than others would display the institutional paradigms as discussed above. Evidence suggests that prisons generally are lacking, at least on some level in providing the services needed and to the extent needed to ensure the health and well being of prisons is addressed and thus suicidal behaviour is reduced. What deprivation based theories could be critiqued in ignoring though, is that the prison environment can in some instances have a positive influence on inmates and work in improving peoples lives, leading them away from self- harm and suicide. In New Zealand numerous programmes exist to enhance the rehabilitation of prisoners, including; motivational programmes; rehabilitation programmes; education and employment programmes; and reintegration programmes. A recent example of the success these programs occurred this month when a group of prisoners at Auckland Region Womens Corrections Facility were the first to graduate from the Sma ll Motors Engineering course(Department of Corrections,2012b). Additionally, just as the importation model can be critiqued for its failure to see the prison itself as a problem, the deprivation model could arguably be seen to not fully engage the personal traits of the individual inmate. It would appear that the deprivation and importation models are rarely considered in unison, however it is beginning to become acknowledged that an integrated model of prison suicide could be the most sufficient method of furthering research and consequently preventing self-harm and suicide (Dear, 2006; Liebling,2006; Towl, Snow and McHugh, 2001). Through considering both models simultaneously a more and realistic and practical grasp on the occurrence of suicide can be ascertained, as more often than not both the environment somebody is confronted with and their own personal traits act combine together in influencing their resulting behaviour and well-being. Preventing Suicide Throughout research attempts, no one trigger has been able to conclusively identify the reasoning behind why people commit suicide in prison. It can thus be assumed that no single solution will successfully achieve the goal of suicide prevention and a multi-disciplinary approach is required if an effective outcome is ever going to be reached. In conjunction with this there must be a commitment from the prison and department to actually adopt and apply prevention strategies, because no matter how complete a strategy may be, it is worthless without implementation. In looking to the research which has been done on suicide prevention, it has been found that when comprehensive prevention programs have been implemented considerable decreases in suicides and suicide attempts have been accomplished (Cox and Morschauser, 1997, Gallagher and Dobrin, 2005; White and Schimmel, 1995). It must be noted however that the specifics of these programs should be relevant to local resources and inmate needs, for example a prevention program designed in America for a maximum security prison would not have a positive preventive effect if enforced on a smaller medium security prison in New Zealand. Konrad et al, 2007 have comprised an outline of several key components they believe necessary to any prison suicide prevention strategy. The first aspect outlined is training, specifically of correctional officers whom are the ones with the inmates on a constant basis, mental health professionals will never be available at all times to all prisoners and thus officers mus t be trained to develop an intuitive sense about the mental state of the inmates under their care. Training must also be kept constant, they suggest at least once a year. Screening is the second preventative tool they refer to. Suggesting that screening should take place immediately as they inmate arrives and if possible screening should be carried out within the context of an intake medical and psychological assessment, conducted by relevant professionals. Where it is the responsibility of correctional staff they should have specific training. Communication is also a vital factor and records of such screening should be kept so as all staff can become aware of at risk prisoners and not just the one person who did the screening. If a prisoner identifies as high risk this should not be ignored and immediate professional help should be provided. They stress that screening should not just be a one off measure, but must take place regularly to be effective as suicide prevention involves on-going observation. If an inmate has been recognised as suicidal, Konrad et al emphasise that they should not be left alone and adequate monitoring is essential as suicide can happen within minutes. They further the importance of human contact by including social interaction as a key preventative aspect. Referring to the success of a social support system which has been provided through the use of specially trained inmate buddies or listeners. In terms of the more physical elements of the prison itself the authors outline that a suicide-safe environment is necessary. In building on these key components, it is also necessary to consider the prison atmosphere in general in relation to the pressures and harsh mentality it exerts. Prison has been described as an intrinsically non-therapeutic environment (Department of Corrections, 2008), yet we are frequently sending people there who exhibit severe mental illnesses and numerous other vulnerabilities. Of course some people are a danger to society and it cannot be expected that these people are simply excused from prison due to certain characteristics, however, the environment inmates are living in, could be changed. Instead of focussing on locking people up with no stimulis or contact with others, the focus should be on giving prisoners the chance to change and we cannot expect this from taking everything away from someone. Just by being in prison one has given up any liberties and power but by taking away even the smallest of luxuries like the ability to exercise or go outside or even have a pen and paper is not only depriving but also preventing growth within that person. Self-harm and suicide will inevitability continue to occur if people are completely deprived of any sort of life except simply existing within four walls. The system must gain the ability and willingness to identify the vulnerability of each prisoner, provide the necessary supervision and support, and create an atmosphere in prison where the opportunity exists to cope with and reduce emotional distress which commonly develops into self-harm or suicidal behaviour Conclusion This paper has considered the concerning issue of self-harm and suicide in prisons. Numerous existing explanations for this behaviour have been explored within the two main theoretical spheres of the importation and deprivation models. The latter part of this essay has focussed on possible preventative strategies aimed at counteracting the causative factors forming the varying explanations for self harm and suicide. In drawing all the components of this paper together, prison is a place which comprises of a number of more vulnerable population groups coupled with an environment which is more commonly designed to be harsh, punitive and for adult men who are sound in body and mind. This combination of factors ignores who is really in our prisons and fails to aid the aims of prisoner safety and rehabilitation. As a result of these imbalances, self-harm and suicide occurs and in order to combat this, an environment which offers more than the luxury of just existing must be sought.

Metamorphosis A Movie :: essays research papers

Metamorphosis, written by Franz Kafka, is a story that deals with the transformation of a human being, Gregor Samsa, into a giant bug. Whether this transformation is a literal transformation, or a transformation only in the mind of Gregor, is a mystery to the reader. Even if the transformation is the main element in the story, there are other themes that arise from the story. One of those themes could be considered as a moral of the story. That moral of the story could be that some humans, in this case Gregor, try to help others before helping themselves. The moral of the story could be that before trying to help others in their lives, people should first help themselves, otherwise those who help are going to be taken advantage of and at the end they will be left with nothing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gregor is a good example of this moral of the story because he always looking out for his family, and always helping them out. One example of a sacrifice that he makes is when Gregor works in a company where his parents have a very high debt, and Gregor works there in order to pay the debt. In his mind he admits, “If I didn’t hold back for my parents sake, I would have quit long ago'; (4). From this quote it is obvious that while trying to make his parents happy, Gregor has to live a sad live were he is not happy with what he is and what he does for a living. Even in the company he has been able to move up the position ladder at a fast rate, he is not happy. What Gregor looks forward to in the job is the opportunity that “once [he’s] gotten the money together to pay off [his] parents’ debts'; (4) he would quit working at that company for good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even if Gregor makes a sacrifice to save his family by paying what they owe, they are not grateful for what he does. As he explains at the beginning they would thank Gregor with warmth for helping the family out. But as time went by “they had just gotten used to it, gotten used to it…the money was received with thanks and given with pleasure, but no special feeling of warmth went with it anymore'; (27). The family no longer saw the sacrifice that he was making, later as they got used to being helped they saw the help he was giving as a duty.

The Soldier Macbeth Is A Hero, The Man Macbeth Is A Coward :: essays research papers

Macbeth is a hero and a coward, often at the same time depending on what meaning of the words you use. Macbeth is the hero of the story but he doesn’t act like a hero, except for a time at the beginning of the play (Act 1 Scene 2). After Macbeth murders Duncan, he doesn’t ever become his heroic self again. Macbeth then becomes a coward, which he demonstrates by killing in cold blood all the people that pose even a small threat to him, including his companion and comrade, Banquo who is suspicious of him, which can be seen in the text. Banquo. Act 1 Scene 3 Line 120 â€Å"That, trusted home, Might yet enkindle you unto the crown Besides thane of Cawdor.† If we were to say Macbeth was a coward in today’s meaning of the word, which is an old one at that and use it in a Shakespearean play, which was written in 1606, we could be seriously misinterpreting the word. The word coward comes from the Latin derivation meaning simply â€Å"tail†, but we can also see this word as meaning not just â€Å"one without courage† (Chambers Dictionary) but also meaning one without pity, objectivity or compassion, which Macbeth shows very few signs of. By killing the king while he was sleeping, Macbeth was displaying some very dire signs of being a coward. Macbeth. Act 2 Scene 1 Line 62 â€Å"I go and it is done; the bell invites me Hear it now Duncan, for it is a knell That summons thee to heaven, or to hell.† Macbeth is blaming others- the Bell- for his cowardly act. But, by using the old meaning of the word, Macbeth would be the tail, but he cannot be, because he is a Thane, which is someone who is wealthy and has lots of land. If we were to say Macbeth was a hero, we could also be misinterpreted. Chambers Dictionary says that â€Å"Hero† coming from the Greek words â€Å"Heros† means that the Hero is â€Å"the principal male figure, who career is the thread of the story†. This meaning would be correct, but hero also can be seen as meaning the saviour of the story who defeats the enemy. Macbeth cannot be seen as acting in a heroic way as he is the one who killed all those people in cold blood and committed regicide in order to obtain the throne. Macbeth can also be seen as acting in a very brave way by even attempting to kill the king, but it is a also very stupid thing to do because if he were to get caught he would almost certainly be killed. The Soldier Macbeth Is A Hero, The Man Macbeth Is A Coward :: essays research papers Macbeth is a hero and a coward, often at the same time depending on what meaning of the words you use. Macbeth is the hero of the story but he doesn’t act like a hero, except for a time at the beginning of the play (Act 1 Scene 2). After Macbeth murders Duncan, he doesn’t ever become his heroic self again. Macbeth then becomes a coward, which he demonstrates by killing in cold blood all the people that pose even a small threat to him, including his companion and comrade, Banquo who is suspicious of him, which can be seen in the text. Banquo. Act 1 Scene 3 Line 120 â€Å"That, trusted home, Might yet enkindle you unto the crown Besides thane of Cawdor.† If we were to say Macbeth was a coward in today’s meaning of the word, which is an old one at that and use it in a Shakespearean play, which was written in 1606, we could be seriously misinterpreting the word. The word coward comes from the Latin derivation meaning simply â€Å"tail†, but we can also see this word as meaning not just â€Å"one without courage† (Chambers Dictionary) but also meaning one without pity, objectivity or compassion, which Macbeth shows very few signs of. By killing the king while he was sleeping, Macbeth was displaying some very dire signs of being a coward. Macbeth. Act 2 Scene 1 Line 62 â€Å"I go and it is done; the bell invites me Hear it now Duncan, for it is a knell That summons thee to heaven, or to hell.† Macbeth is blaming others- the Bell- for his cowardly act. But, by using the old meaning of the word, Macbeth would be the tail, but he cannot be, because he is a Thane, which is someone who is wealthy and has lots of land. If we were to say Macbeth was a hero, we could also be misinterpreted. Chambers Dictionary says that â€Å"Hero† coming from the Greek words â€Å"Heros† means that the Hero is â€Å"the principal male figure, who career is the thread of the story†. This meaning would be correct, but hero also can be seen as meaning the saviour of the story who defeats the enemy. Macbeth cannot be seen as acting in a heroic way as he is the one who killed all those people in cold blood and committed regicide in order to obtain the throne. Macbeth can also be seen as acting in a very brave way by even attempting to kill the king, but it is a also very stupid thing to do because if he were to get caught he would almost certainly be killed.

Erwin Chargaff

My name is Erwin Chargaff and I discovered the structure of DNA. After reading Oswald Avery’s report, in 1944, about how genes were composed of DNA I become motivated to begin work on the chemistry of nucleic acids. I started researching with the belief that DNA from different species are different so I had to come up with an experiment to examine the DNA from different species. It was hard for me because I couldn’t get large amounts of DNA so it took awhile for my experimenting. After about 2 years I was able to come up with a solid procedure containing three steps.First, I had to separate the DNA mixture with chromatography paper. Then I converted the separated components into mercury salts and last but not least I was able to identify the purines and pyrimidines ( the building blocks of nucleic acids) by using their ultraviolet absorption spectra. I tested this method several times and was finally able to use it to examine the DNA of yeast and pancreatic cells. About a month later, I submitted two papers on my findings of the DNA of calf thymus and beef spleen and tubercle bacilli and yeast.My papers were rejected so I decided to improve my procedure and by doing that I was able to examine more species. I summarized what I found on nucleic acids in a review and finally in 1950, my experimenting lead to me discover important facts. I came up with three rules that I named as Chargaff’s rule. The first rule is that the number of Adenine always equals the number of thymine. The second is that the number of guanine always equals the number of cytosine and the last one is that the purines (adenine and guanine) always equal the number of pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine.I was also able to prove that the DNA of various species are different from one another. I did not collaborate with anyone for my experiment but two years later I explained my findings to Watson and Crick who were then later to come up the with DNA structure. I was a bit surpri sed that I wasn’t included in the Noble Prize since I did share my information with Watson and Crick and with that they were able to come up with the model. So, after Watson and Crick won the Nobel Prize, I withdrew from left my lab and started to write essays and lectures.