Myths, Morals, And Rules - 1455 Words

Life is a series of life lessons, morals, and rules that we all live by and learn through every decision we make. A way these lessons, morals, and rules are shown and told is through myths. A myth is a traditional story from a certain ethnic, religion, place, or culture, and explains how and why things are the way they are. Myths also incorporate a moral, theme, or life lesson, which becomes clear at the end of the story. As a child I’m sure you’ve heard stories from your family whether a more unknown myth or common tale that you got something out of, whether it was learning something new, or something you already knew that simply got reinforced. But if you’re like me, then it’ll take some time before you remember. Once I did remember the†¦show more content†¦Also, my grandpa and Aunty Paning lived in Ilocos Norte, while my grandma lived in Manila, they were 407.64km, 253.31mi apart and they were still told the same myths, with the exception of a few details. Furthermore, another person who has heard this myth from past generations is Sonia Jackson, who was a senior at Tennessee University in 2008. Sonia Jacksons’ grandmother Dr. Natividad Corrales Taboada told her daughter, Maria Jackson, Sonia’s mother, who then told Sonia and her siblings the story. There is also a controversy of whether the myth was created before or after the Spanish invasion, but it’s difficult to know for sure. As you can see this myth is probably very old, to have gone through at least eighty-two years, it could easily have existed for a century. Usually, Filipino myths are passed down through words spoken and are grouped into four main groups. The first are myths that explain the creation of the universe, god (Bathala or Maykapal), the origin of man, supernatural beings and the native Filipino heroes. Second, are legends that tell the origin of a local phenomenon, places, plants, animals, thoughts, and names. Third, are fables where animals or inanimate beings are made to speak and act like rational beings to point out morals, this is the group the myth falls into, but also has aspects from the second group becauseShow MoreRelatedAphrodite And Hera Mythology Essay817 Words   |  4 Pagesdeeds. 2) A myth that could teach a child moral values would be Pandoras box. Pandoras box would be a great example because it teaches kids to follow directions or there could be a consequence. This myth teaches that moral value because when the Gods gave Pandora the box, Pandora opened it and ignored the commands from the Gods to never open it. Since Pandora ignored the Gods, horrible things like plagues, sorrow and mischief flew out of the box when she opened it. This teaches a moral value to kidsRead MoreIsraelite and Greek Mythology Essay1132 Words   |  5 Pages The Works and Days is a Greek myth containing an appropriated version of the Israelites Ten Commandments from The Bible. Throughout Works and Days, the myth constructs a virtually identical set of rules pertaining to moral conduct; all which, if disobey, are punishable by Zeus. Both the Israelites and the Greeks believe that their Lord (for the Greeks, specifically all powerful Zeus) distributes retribution to those who dis obey these moral rules of conduct. In both texts, these guidelines forRead MoreCultural Ethical Relativism : Cultural Relativism1186 Words   |  5 Pagesaccepted, morals are objective depending on where someone lives or who they grew up around. Furthermore, morality is formed based on the history of political and social instances in cultural ethical relativism. This theory of cultural ethical relativism is widely accepted throughout the world. It is so popular because there is empirical evidence that shows that culture’s morals differ through certain parts of the world or different religions. While one culture might consider something to be moral, a differentRead MoreThe Importance of Greek Mythology1650 Words   |  7 PagesThe importance of Greek mythology Today, the ancient Greek myths still fascinate readers throughout the world. There are thousands of books written about the importance of Greek mythology in the formation of modern-time societies. There are hundreds of movies created about the adventures of Greek heroes. Apparently, the events, creatures, and people described in the ancient Greek myths were not real; however, their mythical nature does not undermine the importance of Greek mythology in definingRead MoreDripping Vases And The Art Of Storytelling1181 Words   |  5 Pagesitself. That all things that mark the passage of our lives will fade. Then we will become like those ancient Greek vases. The details that make us who we are and everything we leave behind will erode due to the passage of time. There is an important moral to learn from this, we need to except the inevitability of the passage of time with grace and understanding. This theme on how we need to accept the inevitable was best portrayed in the painting Vessel XII, Vasilios as a young boy. The darkness ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Heart Of Darkness 1571 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"civilization.† Kurtz, on the other hand, is open about the fact that he does not trade but rather takes ivory by force, and he describes his own treatment of the natives with the words â€Å"suppression† and â€Å"extermination†: he does not hide the fact that he rules through violence and intimidation. His perverse honesty leads to his downfall, as his success threatens to expose the evil practices behind European activity in Africa. However, for Marlow as much as for Kurtz or for the Company, Africans in thisRead MoreCreation Stories of Babylon, Egypt, and Genesis Essay888 Words   |  4 PagesCreation myths of Babylon, Egypt, and Genesis There are many similarities in the Babylonian, Egyptian, and Genesis stories. In all the stories one god creates man and explains how all things on earth come to being. They also set up their calendars and show examples of evil within each story to set up moral rules for man to live by. How do these elements compare between each of these stories? In the Babylonian myth the God Marduk creates man from the blood of another god Kingu. Blood willRead More Creation Stories of Babylon, Egypt, and Genesis Essay874 Words   |  4 Pages Creation myths of Babylon, Egypt, and Genesis There are many similarities in the Babylonian, Egyptian, and Genesis stories. In all the stories one god creates man and explains how all things on earth come to being. They also set up their calendars and show examples of evil within each story to set up moral rules for man to live by. How do these elements compare between each of these stories? In the Babylonian myth the God Marduk creates man from the blood of another god Kingu. â€Å"Blood willRead More Engineering Ethics Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pagesengineering codes of ethics, or if they should think autonomously about moral issues. The speaker in the essay question suggest that the former argument is correct, and that engineering courses should have the goal of teaching students to master the standards set out by codes of ethics as following these is what engineering ethics consists of. This means that students should be taught that instead of making their own decisions about moral issues, they are to follow the guidelines set out for them by engineeringRead MoreMyths Are A Valuable Source Of Archetypes Of Human Attitudes914 Words   |  4 Pages Myths are a valuable source of archetypes of human attitudes, themes and symbols. Myths not only deepen people’s knowledge about life and beliefs of the ancient Greeks, but also present the image of the contemporary worldview and system of values. They represent attitudes and patterns of timeless values, and raise the universal content. One of the most frequent themes of myths is the context of suffering. Suffering is not onlyt the domain of people, but suffering also affects gods and goddesses

The Death Penalty Is Too Than Life Without Parole

The problem with the death penalty is, there is a better alternative which is life without parole. The death penalty is unnecessary because the high cost of the death penalty, puts innocent lives at risk, capital punishment doesn’t deter crime, the death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment, and Deterrence value of the death penalty. The high cost of the death penalty is the first thing that will be talked about. the death penalty is much more expensive than life without parole because the Constitution requires a long and complex judicial process for capital cases. In (â€Å"The High Cost of the Death Penalty 1†) If the death penalty was replaced with a sentence of Life Without the Possibility of Parole, which costs millions less and also†¦show more content†¦Scientific studies have consistently failed to demonstrate that executions deter people from committing crime. Although the bible has support in the death penalty almost all religious groups in the United States regard executions as immoral.Capital punishment goes against almost every religion Although isolated passages of the Bible have been quoted in support of the death penalty, almost all religious groups in the United States regard executions as immoral. Another topic on the Death Penalty is that the Death Penalty puts innocent lives at risk, many people have been sentenced to death row and it wasn t them who did the crime. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in the United States in 1976, 138 innocent men and women have been released from death row, including some who came within minutes of execution. Over 138 innocent men and women have been released from death row. It cost to much for the death penalty system. One out of every ten who has been executed in the United States since 1977 is mentally ill. The death penalty is given at random, approximately 15000 to 17000 homicides are committed a year and only 120 people are sentenced to death, that s less than 1%. In (â€Å"The Facts: 13 Reasons to Oppose the Death Penalty 1†). In Missouri, Texas and Virginia investigations have been opened to determine if those states executed innocent men. In (â€Å"The High Cost of the Death Penalty 1†). Mistakes will be made in any system which relies upon human testimony for

Innovative Models Comprehensive Primary †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Innovative Models Comprehensive Primary. Answer: Introduction: In recent years, expenditures on health care in Australia has been rising steadily. There is increasing concerns on part of government about sustaining the level of public spending. Myriad of factors exist that drives up the cost of health and mushrooming expenditure of health is becoming somewhat difficult problem. Some of measures taken for changing consumer behaviour or health professionals do not tackle political dimension of funding. Major structural reforms are brought in the funding and delivery of healthcare that would help in ensuring the future sustainability of Australian health system. The foundation of future health system of Australia is established by shared intentions of Territory government, Common wealth and all state by entering into national Health reform agreement (ww.policyforum.com, 2016). State, territory and Common wealth are responsible for funding the services of public hospitals through block and activity based funding as per the agreement. The health system of Australia is good and it is a relatively wealthy country. Nation has well developed infrastructure and public health programs. Health system of Australia is contributed by numerous components such as low smoking rates, world class medical researchers, political leadership existence, bipartisanship on big health issues such as AIDS and HIV, increasing populations that are accepting regulations of health promotion such as random breathe testing and seat belts. Public hospital system of Australia are faced with increasing health challenges. There is ageing of baby boomers as there is an increase in number of people over 85 years old to 1.8 million in year 2050 as against 0.4 million (Laragy et al., 2015). Increase in risk factors for chronic diseases such as diabetes are witnessing increasing tend due to increasing number of people who do not exercise along with overweight and obese people. One of the challenge facing health system is increasing expectations of community of high standards of health. The subsidization of medical research related to interventions and devices for keeping people health and enable them to live longer and providing them with better drugs is also increasingly expensive. In such scenario, the funding of health care for addressing these concerns is of considerable burden for government. It is estimated by Intergenerational report of Treasury that government spending on health as a percentage of Gross domestic produc t would be double by year 2050. The funding system of current health system is not sustainable as per report generated by Committee for economic development of Australia and this required consideration of new funding model. Concern about funding sustainability of health system as per report published by several bodies. There are limited price signals for moderate demand of subsidized health services as pointed out by free public hospital care and high level of bulk building. Increased use of services is driven by free for service payment to doctors that are encouraged to provide free services (Ahha.asn.au, 2017). Growth is also witnessed in out of pocket spending in health care and increased spending on health care is noticed in areas of limited subsidies such as those provided to private patients and dental services and for non-subsidized health care like counter medicines. The spending of government is impacted in limited way by this spending. It is predicted that GDP per person of Australian would grow by 1.5% per year and there exist ambiguity whether such increment will be sufficient in expanding health system (Harris et al., 2017). If an increased demand for health services are not met by government finances, this requires dramatic shift in the way health system are funded currently. The earlier reforms of Australian health care system did not ensure their future sustainability. Growing population of Australia is living longer and health services cost is increasing twice at the rate of Gross domestic product. Reforms of Australian health care system is driven by number of factors such a s increasing cost of care, increased chronic diseases, changing health expectations of customers. There is increased demand of health system resulting from sedentary lifestyles, ageing population and burden of escalating chronic diseases. Australian tends to receive benefits from personalized medicines medical advances. In current situation, Australian health system cost accounts for 9.8% of GDP (Joyce et al., 2015). It is estimated that over the next forty years, that real federal health expenditure would be more than double. Health service sustainability is threatened resulting from increased pressure on budget driven by all the factors leading to reforms. It is projected that per person real health expenditure would double over the next forty years. Furthermore, health system of Australia is also impacted from inefficiency of supply side that incorporates such as fragmented journey of patients, fragmented funding such as a care setting mix that are ill matched with to future and current demand, inflexible workforce that is structured bias toward professional interest groups needs rather than needs of patients and higher treatment cost and technologies. For tackling both demand and supply sides inefficiencies and introducing reforms, it is required by organization to have systematic approach. Health budget can be impacted by each individual. Cost, supply and service can be improved by adopting several measures (Dew et al., 2016). Public hospitals and other part interface remained inefficient and continuous defied policy responses and planning depicted by intractable hotspots. Such scenario was noticed despite concerned efforts for improving efficiency and effectiveness at individual level. In light of all the above challenges faced by healthcare system of Australia, there is an urgent requirement of new approach for avoiding increasing taxes and rationing services. The complexities of existing health care system tackled by rejuvenated agenda of health reforms. It calls for disintegration of funding between different layers of government (Hall, 2015). Moreover, there is requirement of additional funds by attracting new funding from other sources and efficient allocation of existing funding. The health reform agreement has the aim of delivering a locally and nationally unified health control system through ways such as: Confirming role of system managers for public hospital services and lead role of territories and state in public health. Number of financial arrangement introduction for sate, territories and Commonwealth in partnership. Establishment of Medicare locals and local hospital networks for improving the responsiveness and local accountability to the communitys needs. Funding sustainability insurance of public hospitals for Commonwealth bank leading to their efficient growth. Establishment of national health funding pool for improving public health transparency. Usage of activity based funding on national efficient price for ensuring the public hospital sustainability by the Commonwealth bank. Using national efficient price, hospitals will be able to provide: Episodes of care below or at national benchmark Capability of responding to new technologies that are considered cost effective from view point of society. Providing services at margin that would lead to same improvement in health of community and individual as compared to other part of health system. Minimizing negative consequences on other part of service system and that fall on patients attributable to poor quality of patient service. Sustainability of funding model for future of Australian health service delivery: The head of agreement between State, territories and common wealth has set out a high level goals series to the government of Australia that would help in achieving a sustainable and high performing sustainable system. Territory and state government will have the continuous effort to work towards the sustainable and transparent health system through ongoing function and role of NHFB (National health funding body) and Administrator (Naccarella et al., 2017). The shared intention of all the three parties that is common wealth, State and territories for working in partnership to ensure Australia health system sustainability and improve the health outcomes of all Australians. Funding as per national health reforms occur when payments are received by receipts from State managed funds of state pool account. Three parties are the providers of funds. Local hospital networks, state and territory health departments, third parties on behalf of local hospital networks are payment recipients. National health reform has introduced two types of payment and funding that comprise of activity based funding and blocked funding (publichospitalfunding.gov.au, 2017). The funding model agreed as per national health reform agreement would be used for funding of public hospitals from July 2014 to July 2017. Under this model, the efficient price of services of hospitals is determined by approach of activity based funding. Initially, the pledge of price efficiency is done by commonwealth for meeting 45% of growth. During year 2017, growth rose to 50% and it is projected that balance would be meet by territories and state (Tortora Steensen, 2014). However, this funding model will no longer be used by contribution of Common wealth from July, 2017. Contribution of Commonwealth would be linked by funding model that is replaced by reform agreement that is linking the movement to growth of population and consumer price index. Under this formula of funding, a shortfall in funding would be experienced by state and territories if movement in consumer price index is tracked below medical services cost. Under NHRA, the funding guarantees is ceased by commonweal th from year 2014-2015. It is agreed by common wealth under funding guarantee that transition to arrangement of activity based funding applicable from 2014-2015 would not financially worse off any state. Under the superseded funding model, it is promised by Common wealth that its contribution would be more than Territories and state by at least $ 16.4 billion (Dranitsaris Papadopoulos, 2015). It is indicated by government that such reforms and transition and adoption of superseded model are platform depicting arrangement of longer-term health funding. New agreements with jurisdictions are required for such development and the implementation of these two measures would generates estimated combined savings of $ 1.8 billion for period of over four years (Moran et al., 2014). National health reform agreement also called for termination of national partnership agreement for improving services of public hospital. Components of funding were always due to expire. Activity based funding-It is a funding system that is introduced by public hospital services funding based price that is paid by patient in return for services delivered and on total number of services that are provide to patients. The amount of funding under the activity based funding for each service or activity is determined by cost weights, national classifications and prices of state, territory and common wealth. National efficient price forms the basis of contribution to local networks of hospital by Common wealth activity based funding (Osborn et al., 2013). National efficient price is a price weighted per service that is determined by number of weighted public hospital services and Independent hospital pricing authority. For the year 2015-2016, the activity based funding had funded the categories of services that comprised of admitted mental health services, acute admitted services, non-admitted services, emergency department services, non-acute and sub-acute services (Briggs et al., 2014). All the previous arrangement whereby block grants are received by territories and state are replaced by funding of such arrangement. Blocked funding-This type of funding is provided when activity based funding requirements are not being satisfied and block funding is provided to territories and state. For fiscal year 2015-2016, several categories of services were funded by block funding such as teaching, research and training, small rural hospitals, non-admitted mental services and non-admitted mental health services (McInnes et al., 2017). For any services that are outside the agreement scope would receive funding from other sources including State, territories and Commonwealth. Such services comprise of primary care, dental services, pharmaceuticals, residential aged care, public health, community and health care. It is stated by national health reform agreement that wherever practicable, activity based funding should be used. Block funding criteria is required to be developed by the Independent hospital pricing authority when activity funding is not applicable. For determine the hospital services that are better funded through block grants are absence of economies of scale that is indicative of the fact that under activity based funding, some services has the possibility of not being financially viable (Kay Boxall, 2015). When activity based funding technical requirements are not satisfied. It is suggested by the application of these criteria that funding of public hospital services will be done using block funds wh en technical requirement are not addressed using activity based funding. The funding by Common wealth for public hospitals would increase by $ 3.9 in year 2019-2020 and 54% of efficient growth of services of public hospitals would be funded by commonwealth. Activity based funding that are paid at national efficient price are used to boost productivity and achieving value for money. Such agreement will help in reducing the instances of poor quality care of patients and improving the safety of patients. The contribution of commonwealth to hospitals would increase over time at sustainable and affordable rate. Territories and state will be encouraged by a cap overall indexation that would assist them in improving efficiency and reducing costs (nhfb.gov.au 2017). Demand for services of hospitals would be reduced by better coordinated care for complex and chronic diseases. Payment and pricing system as per the agreement would help in ensuring safety and quality of care provided and rewarding the effective management. Benefits of such agreement of funding system would prove beneficial to all Australians and patients. Improved health system would benefit all Australians resulting from greater sustainability of health system. Care will be received by patients when they require it and it would assist it delivering safe, effective and efficient services (strategyand.pwc.com, 2017). Some of the benefits of direct sharing of public services cost of activity based funding are listed below: The expansion of activity based funding in public hospitals comes with several affects. This particular funding system will help in increasing activity levels by creating incentive for providers. However, such system will lead to incurring of additional expenditure while being able to satisfy the demands that are not met. Strong incentives for providers will be created by activity based funding that help in efficient delivery of services and thus maintaining growth of expenditure (gov.au, 2017). The long-term benefit of implementation of such funding system would provide opportunity for government to examine their investment level in health services and public hospitals by creating stronger incentives. It is regarded as an important tool that helps efficient cost allocation that assist in ensuring that funding is made for right health services in the right setting and at right prices. Private health insurers and government will be encouraged to consider the cost effectiveness and relative clinical of different types of health services resulting from activity based funding transparency. In the present scenario, there is no direct funding of public hospitals by federal government. They make funding engagement indirectly with the territories and state. Hospitals are funded by territories and state using a combination of fixed budget allocation and activity based funding. With the introduction of activity based funding, funding of hospital arrangement are set to change Therefore, it is expected that the implementation of new funding system would drive improvement in efficiency of public hospital and funding of public hospitals by government will be created by a more sustainable approach. Overall impact on expenditure growth of public hospital is difficult to predict. On other hand, it has been argued by several experts that overall substantial impact due to expansion of activity based funding is unlikely. It is indicated as per experts of US that such funding system would have little impact on rising cost of health. In order to ensure that growth does not overwhelm federal and state budgets, government are required to take additional measures. While it is claimed by one of Medicare co-architect that activity based funding is an analytical tool and there will not be major system effect of such funding system. It is perceived that that activity based funding will not help in ensuring reforms or quality in public hospitals (Grpin et al., 2017). At operational level, the incentives for hospitals is fundamentally changed by activity based funding. Under fixed historical budgets, and occurrence of cost, patients are the source of revenue. This enables hospitals to identify innovative model in better way that re cost effective and they are motivated to understand their structure of cost. The national implementation of activity based and block funding can be best described as game changer for funding (Dhakal, 2014). Recommendations: The agreed objectives of policy and anticipated benefits from the implementation of activity and block funding system should provide the framework of determining efficient national price and foundation of pricing framework development. Pricing framework development should take into consideration complex environment for implementation of funding system. Improving the efficiency of services of public hospitals is one of the main objective of developed funding system. It is required by the government to take into consideration reality aspect that health care is not static and an efficient practice today might not be considered effective tomorrow. Pricing as per activity based funding system should respond in a timely way to innovation. In the system of such funding, the incorporation of innovation comes with inevitable lags. Conclusion: The joint funding services for joint agreements of Commonwealth and territories cannot be regarded as sustainable as long as benefits derived are accounted in long run. There are many facets explaining the long-term benefits of funding model, but it still remained a matter of debate. The decision to structure of mechanics of financing the health system of Australia regardless of policymakers should seek development of system that will provide benefits to health professionals, policy makers and policy makers itself. Expansion of funding and payment system of public hospitals in the nation should considered the lessons derived from literature and as there are no high quality evidence for guiding policy making for funding, it remains a political issue. References list: A health check on funding public hospitals - Policy Forum. (2016).Policy Forum. Retrieved 29 October 2017, from https://www.policyforum.net/a-health-check-on-funding-public-hospitals/ Ahha.asn.au. (2017).Retrieved 29 October 2017, from https://ahha.asn.au/sites/default/files/docs/policy-issue/deeble_issues_brief_no_5_partel_k_can_we_improve_the_health_system_with_pay-for-performance_0.pdf Briggs, A. M., Towler, S. C., Speerin, R., March, L. M. (2014). Models of care for musculoskeletal health in Australia: now more than ever to drive evidence into health policy and practice.Australian Health Review,38(4), 401-405. Dew, A., Barton, R., Ragen, J., Bulkeley, K., Iljadica, A., Chedid, R., ...Veitch, C. (2016). The development of a framework for high-quality, sustainable and accessible rural private therapy under the Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme.Disability and rehabilitation,38(25), 2491-2503. Dhakal, S. P. (2014). Securing the future of urban environmental sustainability initiatives in Australia.Urban Policy and Research,32(4), 459-475. Dranitsaris, G., Papadopoulos, G. (2015). Health technology assessment of cancer drugs in Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia: should the United States take notice?.Applied health economics and health policy,13(3), 291-302. Grpin, K. A., Pinkstaff, C. B., Shroff, Z. C., Ghaffar, A. (2017). Donor funding health policy and systems research in low-and middle-income countries: how much, from where and to whom.Health Research Policy and Systems,15(1), 68. Hall, J. (2015). Australian health careThe challenge of reform in a fragmented system.New England Journal of Medicine,373(6), 493-497. Harris, C., Green, S., Ramsey, W., Allen, K., King, R. (2017). Sustainability in Health care by Allocating Resources Effectively (SHARE) 1: Introducing a series of papers reporting an investigation of disinvestment in a local healthcare setting.BMC health services research,17(1), 323. Health funding agreements Parliament of Australia. (2017).Aph.gov.au. Retrieved 28 October 2017, from https://www.aph.gov.au/about_parliament/parliamentary_departments/parliamentary_library/pubs/rp/budgetreview201415/healthfunding Ihpa.gov.au. (2017).Retrieved 29 October 2017, from https://www.ihpa.gov.au/sites/g/files/net636/f/publications/activity_based_funding_for_australian_public_hospitals.pdf Joyce, C. M., McGrail, M. R. (2014). Adoption, implementation and prioritization of specialist outreach policy in Australia: a national perspective.Bulletin of the World Health Organization,92(7), 512-519. Kay, A., Boxall, A. M. (2015). Success and failure in public policy: Twin imposters or avenues for reform? Selected evidence from 40 years of health?care reform in Australia.Australian Journal of Public Administration,74(1), 33-41. Laragy, C., Fisher, K. R., Purcal, C., Jenkinson, S. (2015). Australia's individualised disability funding packages: when do they provide greater choice and opportunity?.Asian Social Work and Policy Review,9(3), 282-292. McInnes, S., Peters, K., Bonney, A., Halcomb, E. (2017). The influence of funding models on collaboration in Australian general practice.Australian journal of primary health,23(1), 31-36. Moran, M., Porter, D., Curth-Bibb, J. (2014).Funding Indigenous organisations: improving governance performance through innovations in public finance management in remote Australia. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare AIHW. Naccarella, L., Southern, D., Furler, J., Scott, A., Prosser, L., Young, D. (2017). SIREN project: systems innovation and reviews of evidence in primary health care: narrative review of innovative models for comprehensive primary health care delivery. National Health Funding Body. (2017).Nhfb.gov.au. Retrieved 28 October 2017, from https://www.nhfb.gov.au/health-reform/ Osborn, M., Little, C., Bowering, S., Orme, L. (2013). Youth cancer services in Australia: development and implementation. International perspectives on AYAO, Part 3.Journal of adolescent and young adult oncology,2(3), 118-124. Reimagining health reform in Australia: Taking a systems approach to health and wellness. (2017).Strategyand.pwc.com. Retrieved 28 October 2017, from https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/reports/health-reform-australia The Administrator and national bodies established under the Agreement | Public Hospital Funding. (2017).Publichospitalfunding.gov.au. Retrieved 28 October 2017, from https://www.publichospitalfunding.gov.au/national-health-reform/agreement-bodies Tortora, P., Steensen, S. (2014). Making earmarked funding more effective: Current practices and a way forward.Better Policies for Better Lives Report No,1.

The Formation of a Custom Union

Abstract A customs union can be referred to as a trading conformity that permits duty-free distribution of goods and services between member partners and the application of a uniform external duty on goods bought from non-member states outside the trading block.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Formation of a Custom Union Between Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generally, custom union eliminates any domestic obstacle to trade and calls for a harmonization of external trade policies. The custom agreement stipulates rules and regulation that are to be adhered to when dealing with products, either being exported or imported from any of the union member states. The trilateral no-custom agreement between Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus, came into effect, after the presidents of the three members country, approved to sign the custom code at a meeting between the three head of countries, which was held on July 2010 in Astana Kazakhstan (Tochistkaya 1). Though the trilateral agreement is expected to simplify trading relationship between the three Economies, it is unlikely that it will eliminate all levies in addition to duties. Introduction The Economic and political relationships between the three nations dates back several decades ago , putting into consideration that the three countries were members of the formal Soviet Union. From the time of split of the Soviet Union, there has existed a tarnished relationship among the former States of the Union. In particular, Russia has been accused of trying to establish political control over the rest of the countries in the region. Nevertheless, there has been a good political relationship between Russia, Kazakhstan, and Belarus. Economically, a cordial interaction between the three nations has existed, with a good example being reflected following the first attempt from the three nations, in trying to integrate the region economically as early as in 1995 (Wisniewska 3). In this particular attempt, though Russia was credited to have inspired the whole process, the partner member’s state had came up with uniform rates for goods imported, in addition to a joint custom code, which was to regulate the procedures used for commodities bought and sold within the custom territory. However, the difference in opinion and principles between the trading partners, could only allow the agreement to be implemented selectively (Wisniewska 3). Literature review The step taken by Russia Kazakhstan and Belarus in forming a custom union is very encouraging and worthy every effort made, due to the numerous advantages that are associated with such unifications. Forming a common market is a debatable issue and mostly when the question of whether it really enhances economic growth emerges.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Work by earlier researchers on the topic; shed a little light on the issue. Wisniewska (15) notes that that though there are plenty of benefits that accrue from such unions; giving examples in existence of stronger economic ties, in addition to faster economic growth and development between the trading nations, the author as well points out that there are moreover several negative implications that goes hand to hand with the formation of common markets. Wisniewska (16) reveals some of the ineffectiveness that resulted from measures undertaken by the association of â€Å"Central America common market† in effort to maintain the custom union. In his argument, the author comments that measure to come up with common custom practices do not necessarily move in the course of free and unrestricted trade organizations, that many parties aim to attain. The American common market, according to the Wisniewska (17), came up with inefficient manufacturing u nits, which made available to each other costly products for sale, which could not be sold to any other party outside the trading block. Therefore, the highly ineffective industries and the skyrocketing prices attached to products in addition to services sold to the member’s state, culminated to the union eventual downfall. Another negative consequence attributed to non-tariff barrier is the slowing down of trade. This factor is associated with the fact that non-tariff trade is usually involved with bureaucratic procedures involved in clearance of goods from different trading partners (Wisniewska 17). The author further notices that these bureaucratic procedures are applied to curtail overflowing of foreign goods into the domestic market. Influx of goods from foreign countries has various negative effects on the domestic industries. Some of these effects are attributed to the fact that most of the domestic industries are usually at their infant stage, and hence mounting enoug h competition with already established foreign industries is a hard nut to crack. The other limitation of non-tariff custom union is usually reflected in the fact that it is rare to find trading partner with equal economic strength and financial welfare (Alaxandrov 186). The author in addition explains that this situation usually create imbalanced trading atmosphere with some partners benefiting more than others do. Consequently, the political willingness of joining custom union is rare and especially among those countries that are economically marginalized. Alaxandrov (187) additionally observes that in undeveloped regions, it is very hard to come up with single currency to enhance smooth operation of trade within the region. Similarly, the author notes that maintaining of sovereignty is the other big issues concerned with custom integration. In most cases, the author as well remarks that such integrations usually make some countries to lose their ability to govern themselves or ma ke independent decision without seeking the approval of member’s states.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Formation of a Custom Union Between Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Alaxandrov (190), for any integration to overcome most of the hurdles associated with development, there are a number of steps that should be well thought-out. The region of preferential trade is the first stage toward the success of any economic integration. The author specifically notes that this is usually witnessed when countries provide each other with reciprocated benefits that enhance positive trade. The second stage according to Alaxandrov (188) is reflected in custom union, which entails the lifting of cross-boarder trading block and coming up with a single foreign tax rate that is levied to goods from non-members countries. It should be noted according to the author th at at this particular stage all the major forces of trading restriction should be implemented by member’s countries. The open movement of commodities, capital and the work force, forms the third stage of establishing a successful custom integration. Lastly, Alaxandrov (189) notes that political unification which is out of the economic area concerned outlines the most vital and last stage of a successful economic integration. Despite the fact that a lot of paperwork is involved in the process of economic integration, Black (3) notes that eagerness and necessity of monetary and economic harmonization do not only progress at a snail pace, but also remarks that it step backward at time. By this, the author claims that economic objectivity as well as political willingness can avoid such situations from taking place. Economic reasons such as the varying levels of resources endowment between members country has been described by the author as the foremost challenge of integration bu ilding. Black (3) notes that economic integration between countries with equal degree of economic prosperity and financial comfort stands a better chance of being successful, compared to economic integration made by countries, which are differently endowed. In particular, the author critically analyzes the products traded by Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus. Black (4) points out that Belarus import oil, gas as well as metal from Russia. On the other hand Belarus sells Lorries and cars spare parts, in addition to daily products to Russia. On it part, Black observes that Russia heavily benefits from ores, chemical and metal products from Kazakhstan.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from the trading products between the three countries, Iwona (4) in addition observes that similar to other custom unions, there are a number of other gains, which the three countries can derive from this integration apart from abolition of tariffs. He point out some of the gains as the removal of other hindrances to competition, and those that impede the trade flow. However, black (4) remarks that out of this economic integration; there are few concerns likely to emerge. The author notes that for any small developing economy to attain faster economic growth and development, access to different and up to date technology is of paramount significance. However, for Kazakhstan and Belarus, this fete may not be achieved with ease; as such, opportunities will be missed owing to the fact that the two countries will totally be directing their efforts to strengthen the custom union. In the process, chances of interrelating with other countries that enjoy advanced technology will be ham pered. Belarus and Kazakhstan have both made notable attempts to declare their liberty and autonomy, and impose their own state identity. However, since they split from the Soviet Union, concerns have been raised within the two countries and worldwide in general concerning the priority between forming the custom union and their sovereignty. Russia as well has received a number of criticisms, with many people expressing their feelings that the country need to diversify it economy to stop over relying in crude oil, which according to Rawi (599), forms the biggest part of Russia main economic output. Rawi remarks that Russia also need to embark on means of attaining modern and state-of-art technology, in order to attain a higher rate of economic growth. Similarly, Rawi observes that there are equal concerns on the capability of Kazakhstan and Belarus to meet the large market demand of Russian’s products. Economical theories The major economical theories tackled by the trilateral relationship between Russia Kazakhstan and Belarus include economic integration. The actual custom treaty between Russia Kazakhstan and Belarus is intended to open more marketing opportunities between the partner states. This will be facilitated by free entry of both good and services within the custom union region. By free entry of products from the trading nations, citizens of the three countries will benefit from availability of multiple products, some of which may not be available in their home countries. Another economic theory equally represented in this particular custom treaty between Russia Kazakhstan and Belarus, is the production theory (Rawi 660). According to the author, production theory refers to attempt made by a firm to elucidate the amount of outputs to produce, and how much quantity of factors of production to make use of. The custom union between Russia Kazakhstan and Belarus will provide opportunities for member countries to increase their industrial production due to availability of more market chances. Rawi (661) further elucidates that this will result from the fact that that, there will be free movement of factors of production from one member nation to the other. Similarly, the author observations is that the movement of finished goods will equally enhance not only industrial but also agricultural production, pointing out that less storage space will be required to keep the inventory awaiting sale as ready market for most industrial products will have been established. Among the benefits, which will be derived from this theory, include the presence of diverse products, because of free movement of finished industrial products from the member’s state (Sakwa 435). The author further notice that citizens of the involved countries will also benefit from industrial products of higher quality compared to those produced by their domestic industries. These he further remarks will be because of increased competition by the local and for eign companies, with each industry attempting to control more market share. Because of this increased competition, Sakwa (435), in addition, notes that more products will sell at consumer friendly price, as each company will be trying every possible strategy to command the largest share of market, one of such policy being cost reduction. The comparative theory as used in economics is usually outlined as if merely two nations and two commodities were implicated. In actual sense however, this example is usually presented for more simplicity of clarification. The expenditure of manufacturing as well is quantified in terms of work done, time and attempt made by the labor (Maneschi 200). According to the custom union between Russia Kazakhstan and Belarus, this economic theory has extensively been applied. A clear illustration is depicted by the fact that among the three countries in this pact; Russia is the biggest producer of crude oil and gas. On the other hand, Kazakhstan boost of sup plying both Russia and Belarus with trucks and spare parts. Belarus on it side is a power house with agricultural production and in particular its milk production among the three countries is unrivalled (Markusen 3). The above explanation means that if each of the country specializes in producing what each produces at the lowest cost, in the long run, each member’s state will benefit from increased production. Consequently, it will be much easier for each country to benefit from economies of large-scale production (Markusen 4). The author further explains that by economies of scale, each country will produce in bulk, and consequently, the cost of producing a single unit of product will eventually decline. International trade is another economic theory, which is highlighted by Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus custom union (Zhang 1). According to the Zhang (1), international trade has facilitated movement of good and factors of production from one nation to another or from one pa rt of the world to the other. Zhang (2) additionally notes that international trade can be defined as any business transaction that involves more than one country. In case of the custom union between Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus, the theory of international trade is reflected by the fact the three countries make available for sale good and factors of production, of what each country specialize in producing. Consequently, such transactions take place outside the boundaries of each member partner to the union. Through this trade, Zhang (2) observes that each country is able to benefit from those goods and services that it may not be endowed to produce naturally, or may be experience hardship in it production due to high cost of production involved in it production. Data and Discussion Table 1.States GDP in 2009 according purchasing power (Tolkachev 1) Place Name of the country GDP, million USD 1 USA 14 266 300 2 China 8 887 863 3 Japan 4 138 481 4 India 3 752 032 5 Germ any 2 984 440 7 Great Britain 2 256 830 6 Russia 2 687 298 8 France 2 172 097 9 Brazil 2 020 079 10 Italy 1 921 576 39 Ukraine 291 091 55 Kazakhstan 183 132 59 Belarus 121 454 73 Azerbaijan 84 755 74 Uzbekistan 79 940 81 Lithuania 55 922 92 Turkmenistan 37 059 95 Latvia 34 755 106 Estonia 26 072 115 Georgia (excluding Abkhazia and South Ossetia) 20 961 123 Armenia 16 298 131 Tajikistan 13 730 134 Kyrgyzstan 12 168 140 Moldova (excluding Transnestia) 10 192 From the table above, the GDP’s of different nations of the world in the year 2009 have been tabulated according to data collected by Tolkachev (1). According to the table, the place a country occupies has as well been illustrated with its GDP being expressed in American dollars. As stated above, for an economic integration to succeed, it is preferred that the member’s states should at least not deviate much from each other, as matter pertaining economic and financial strength is concerned. However, it is clear from the tabulated results that while Russia occupy position number six on the world GDP ranking with a gross GDP of US$ 2 687 298, Kazakhstan and Belarus stands at position 55 and 59 with a GDP of US dollars 183, 132 and 121, 454 respectively (Tochistkaya 1). From the above observation, one can simply concludes that the economic integration formed by Russia Kazakhstan and Belarus will not be having mutual benefit to all members, because these country greatly differ in economic strength. This means that Russia is likely going to benefit more from the integration compared to the rest of the member’s state. Sectors affected by the custom union in the three countries The formation of the custom union between Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus, will definitely have effects both positive and negative in the three members state. Among the economic sectors, which will be affected by this integration in Russia, include industrial sector (Tochistkaya 1) . Russia industries will highly be affected by this custom union, noting that most of it industries are financially strong and better established compared to industries both in both Kazakhstan and Belarus (Rawi 114). Other sectors include agriculture, where Russian wheat is anticipated to draw a lot of demand from both Kazakhstan and Belarus market. On the other hand, Belarus is expected to greatly benefit from ready market for its milk (Tochistkaya 1). This will enable the agricultural sector to flourish, with milk production in the country being given a much-needed boost. Kazakhstan on it side will benefit from free market for it trucks and cars spares parts. This will promote the current industrial sector, which by so far remains the major contributor to the country’s GDP. In each of the three nations, the service industries will as well be highly enhanced due to free movement of factors of production. Similarly, the movement of competent labor from one country to the othe r will no longer be hindered and therefore, the employment level will in the three member’s states will be raised, as many job opportunities will be created in the service industries. Conclusion In conclusion, the formation of a custom union between Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus was a welcome step in the three nations. The integration has so far been promising with quantifiable amount of success already being witnessed. Out of this economic integration, the three countries can now benefit from free movement of goods and other factors of production from one nation to another free of charge. Similarly, apart from abundant job opportunities, within the member’s states for the combined union population, the three nations can now enjoy variety of products, which they could not initially access. Though there have been some challenges facing the integration such as concern on the sovereignty of the member states, one cannot fail to observe that the custom union has more posi tive impacts than the negative effects attributed to it. To overcome such failures and enhance a more successful custom union, all the partner members need to come up with measures that are more elaborate in order to separate individual country’s interests with the interest of the union Works Cited Alaxandrov, Mikhail. Uneasy Alliance: Relations between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era. Oxford: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999 print. Black, Joseph. Central Eurasian States, Michigan: Academic International Press, 2000. Maneschi, Andrea. Comparative Advantage in International Trade: A Historical Perspective. Massachusetts, Edward Elgar Publishing, 1998 print. Markusen, James. Multinational Firms and the Theory of International Trade. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Publishers, 2004 print. Rawi, Abdebal. National Purpose in the World Economy: Post-Soviet States. New York: Cornell University Press Sakwa, Richard. Russian Politics and Society. New York: Routledge Publishers, 2008. Tochistkaya, Irina. The Customs Union between Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia: And Overview of Economic Implications For Belarus. IPM Research Center. June 2010. Web. Tolkachev, Vitality. Inevitable integration, the future of Eurasian Economic Community. East+West Analytics Review Agency. 21/10/2010. 27/11/2010 http://eastwest-review.com/ Wisniewska, Iwona. Russian Energy Power and Foreign Relations: Implications for Conflict and Cooperation, Moscow: Rawi Francis publishers, 2009. Zhang, Wei-bin. International Trade Theory: Capital, Knowledge and Economic Structures. New York: Springer, 2008. This research paper on The Formation of a Custom Union Between Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus was written and submitted by user Gracie Bradley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.